【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-4及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Weak dollar or no, $ 46,000-the price for a single year of undergraduate instruction amid the red brick of Harvard Yard-is (1) But nowadays cost is (2) barrier to entry at many of Americas best universities. Formidable financi

2、al-assistance policies have (3) fees or slashed them deeply for needy students. And last month Harvard announced a new plan designed to (4) the sticker-shock for undergraduates from middle and even upper-income families too. Since then, other rich American universities have unveiled (5) initiatives.

3、 Yale, Harvards bitterest (6) , revealed its plans on January 14th. Students whose families make (7) than $60,000 a year will pay nothing at all. Families earning up to $ 200,000 a year will have to pay an average of 10% of their incomes. The university will (8) its financial- assistance budget by 4

4、3%, to over $ 80m. Harvard will have a similar arrangement for families making up to $180,000. That makes the price of going to Harvard or Yale (9) to attending a state-run university for middle-and upper-income students. The universities will also not require any student to take out (10) to pay for

5、 their (11) , a policy introduced by Princeton in 2001 and by the University of Pennsylvania just after Harvards (12) . No applicant who gains admission, officials say, should feel (13) to go elsewhere because he or she cant afford the fees. None of that is quite as altruistic as it sounds. Harvard

6、and Yale are, after all, now likely to lure more students away from previously (14) options, particularly state-run universities, (15) their already impressive admissions figures and reputations. The schemes also provide a (16) for structuring university fees in which high prices for rich students h

7、elp offset modest prices for poorer ones and families are less (17) on federal grants and government-backed loans. Less wealthy private colleges whose fees are high will not be able to (18) Harvard or Yale easily. But Americas state-run universities, which have traditionally kept their fees low and

8、stable, might well try a differentiated (19) scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private (20) . Indeed, the University of California system has already started to implement a sliding-fee scale. （分数：10.00）(1).A cheap B reasonable C high D expensive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A still

9、 B no C becoming D certain（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A eliminated B increased C doubled D decreased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A relieve B suspend C enhance D diminish（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A different B same C similar D encouraging（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A counterpart B coordinator C rival D cooperator（分数：0.50）A.B.C

10、.D.(7).A less B more C richer D poorer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A enhance B expand C increase D elevate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A incomparable B comparable C distinguishable D identical（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A part-time job B work C loans D savings（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A charge B fare C payment D tuition（分数：0

11、.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A policy B implementation C adjustment D announcement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A pressured B ashamed C insecure D unhappy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A cheaper B more reasonable C public D better（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A expanding B shrinking C enhancing D diminishing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A chan

12、ce B model C disposition D location（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A independent B thankful C detached D reliant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A beat B win C copy D follow（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A pricing B tuition C scholarship D financial aiding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A rivals B counterparts C coordinators D cooperators

13、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the ground floor of the Federal Reserve building in Washington, DC, there is an electronic game which tests a visitors skill at setting interest rates. You have to decide how to respond to events su

14、ch as rising inflation or a stockmarket crash. If you get all the answers right, the machine declares you the next Fed chairman. In real life, because of huge uncertainties about data and how the economy works, there is no obviously right answer to the question of when to change interest rates. Nor

15、is there any easy test of who will make the best Fed chairman. So who would The Economist select for the job? Alan Greenspan will retire as Fed chairman on January 31st, after a mere 181/2 years in the job. So George Bush needs to nominate a successor soon. Mr. Bush has a penchant for picking his pa

16、ls to fill top jobs: last week he nominated his personal lawyer Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court. But his personal bank manager really would not cut the mustard as Fed chairman. This is the most important economic-policy job in Americaindeed in the whole world. The Fed chairman sets interest rates

17、 with the aim of controlling inflation, which in turn helps determine the value of the dollar, the worlds main reserve currency. It is hardly surprising that financial markets worldwide can rise or fall on his every word. Financial markets are typically more volatile during the first year after the

18、handover to a new chairman than during the rest of his tenure. In October 1987,barely two months after Mr. Greenspan took office, the stock market crashed. Current conditions for a handover are hardly ideal. Americas economy has never looked so unbalanced, with a negative household savings rate, a h

19、ousing bubble, a hefty budget deficit, a record current-account deficit and rising inflation. Figures due on October 14th are expected to show that the 12-monthrate of inflation has risen above 4% its highest since 1991.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following questions does the text discuss? A What is

20、the content of the electronic game? B Who could fill Alan Greenspans shoes? C How to respond to events such as rising inflation? D Who could change interest rates?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The phrase “cut the mustard“ in the second paragraph most probably means_. A “be qualified“ B “lower interest rate“

21、C “be acquisitive“ D “spend spree/（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following words best defines the relationship between the value of dollar and setting of interest rates? A Counteractive. B Naive. C Interactive. D Novel.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following, according to the text, is a commo

22、n phenomenon? A Financial markets and stock markets crash due to the handover. B Comment by the Fed chairman are invalid in the world financial markets. C Inflation rises above 4% record high level. D Remarks by the Fed chairman can sway the world financial markets.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author me

23、ntions “a housing bubble“ in the last paragraph so as to_. A clarify the fact that Alan Greenspan will retire as Fed chairman B exemplify the rumor that Mr. Bush has a penchant for picking his pals to fill top jobs C illustrate the notion that the present situations for a handover are hardly ideal D

24、 refute the theory that American economy has never looked so unbalanced（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every year New Zealanders living in London can be seen loading up Kombi vans and heading off to experience the “classic European holiday“. The trip usually starts in the north of France, a

25、fter crossing the channel from Dover in England to Calais, driving down through France, over the Pyrenees into Spain, west into Portugal and then across the Continent to Italy and often beyond.There are numerous reasons young New Zealanders take this rite of passageas well as seeing all the fantasti

26、c sights and tasting the delights of Europes food and wine, its relatively inexpensive. The Kombi is transport and accommodation all in one, cutting down significantly on costs.There is just one problem. As the Kombis become “antique“, these trips are usually punctuated with numerous roadside sessio

27、ns as the van sits idle, in no hurry to start, while you swelter in the hot sun. But do not let this deter you. Travelling Europe in your own vehicle means no public transport schedules to cramp your style, the ability to explore the quaint, off-the- beaten-track villages where the “real“ locals liv

28、e, freedom to not have to book accommodation in advanceyou can nearly always get a campsite and can load your vehicle with cheap, fantastic regional wines and souvenirs. With these bonuses in mind, here are some suggestions for planning the great Europe road adventure. The key to a pleasurable drivi

29、ng experience is a good navigator and a driver with a cool head. If you do not feel relaxed driving around New Zealands cities and highways, then you probably will not enjoy driving around Europe. As co-pilot to the driver, you need to read (and understand) maps, look out for turn-offs-and keep the

30、music playing. Language is not a big problem once a few essential terms are mastered. The biggest challenge is in the cities, where traffic can be chaotic and elaborate one-way systems and narrow, cobbled alleyways can make finding your destination hard work. It can be easier to leave the vehicle on

31、 the outskirts of town or in a camping ground and use public transport. This also avoids paying for costly parking.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the trip usually starts in_.A France B EnglandC Spain D Italy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The underlined word “Kombi“ (Para. 1) most probably means“_“.A

32、the name of the trip B the friend going with youC the brand of the van D the name of a hotel（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In the sentence “its relatively inexpensive“ (Para. 2) “it“ most probably refers to_.A the trip B the transportationC the accommodation D the food and wine（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the

33、 biggest trouble?A The Kombis become too old.B Language.C People may not enjoy the driving experience.D Finding ones destination is hard for the busy traffic in-cities.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the nationality of the target readers?A New Zealand B EnglandC France D Spain（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(

34、总题数：1，分数：10.00)There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one ano

35、ther mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of

36、the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as “background“), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal articl

37、e will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of th

38、e research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submit

39、ted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree.

40、The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information

41、 as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide

42、 the professors with an indication of the students ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is repor

43、ted in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience

44、present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.（分数：10.00）(1).The best title for this passage could be_.A. Types of Research Reports B. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research Reports D. Writing of Different Articles（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The common aspect for the jou

45、rnal articles, these and conference papers lies in that_.A. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly t

46、hrough_.A. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is not mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief a

47、nd informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.（分数：2.00）A.B.

48、C.D.(5).How can a professor evaluate a students capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and disscussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, and conclusions etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and resu