【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-3及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Even plants can run a fever, especially when they are under attack by insects or disease. But (1) humans, plants can have their temperature (2) from 3,000 feet awaystraight up. A decade ago, (3) the infrared scanning technolog

2、y developed for military purpose and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley (4) a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine (5) ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmer (6) target pesticide spraying (7) rain poison on a whole field, which (8) include plants that dont have t

3、he pest problem.Even better, Paleys Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became (9) to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet (10) , an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were (11) into a color-coded map showing (12) plants were r

4、unning “fevers“. Farmers could then spot spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they (13) would.The bad news is that Paleys company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers (14) the new technology and long-term backers were hard (15) . But with the renewed concern about pestic

5、ides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to (16) into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt about the technology works. “This technique can be used (17) 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States,“ says George Oerther of Texas AM. Ray Jackson, who recently

6、retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks (18) infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But (19) Paley finds the financial backing (20) he failed to obtain 10 years ago.（分数：10.00）(1).A as B with C like D unlike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A taken B take C took D taking（分数：0

7、.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A adopted B adopting C adapted D adapting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A put up with B came up to C came up with D stood up to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A whose B which C what D where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A precisely B extraordinarily C exceedingly D extremely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A more than B less

8、than C rather than D other than（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A dominantly B deliberately C accidentally D invariably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A seeming B clear C apparent D visible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A at night B for the night C in night D over night（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A transmitted B transferred C transforme

9、d D transported（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A how B where C what D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A otherwise B still C thus D therefore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A persisted in B resisted C insisted on D assisted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A to find out B to be found C to find D to be found on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A get

10、off B get out C get away D get back（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A of B in C for D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A remote B lonely C removed D desolate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A even if B if only C only if D though（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A where B which C how D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三

11、、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation and expansion. The computer had modest beginnings in areas where it was used as a specialist tool. The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for

12、the use of undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computations in nuclear physics. In the 1960s an early version of the Internet, ARPPANET was used in computer science and engineering projects. However, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our life st

13、yle, the way we do business and many other things and by the late 1980s networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general public.Computerization has changed US high school education in many ways. Three different changes that consider being important. The first is the use of the computer as

14、teaching aid for teachers. The next is the massive data storage and fast data retrieval facilitated by computer. Then comes the changes brought about by the introduction of simulation software.How prevalent is the use of computers in schools! As recently as the early 1980s only 20% of secondary scie

15、nce teachers in the USA were using microcomputers. However, since then high schools in the US have computer zed rapidly. By 1987, schools had acquired about 1.5 million computers with 95% of public schools having at least one computer. Computers can be used as teaching aids both in schools and in ho

16、mes. In schools, for example, teachers can plug a computer into an especially equipped overhead projector to bring texts, graphics, sound and videos into a classroom. By these multimedia computer animations, teachers can more readily attract and retain students attention. Ann concludes that computer

17、 aided teaching can attract and motivate students who were dropping out when more traditional methods were being used.Let us now turn to the Internet. This is a global network connecting many local networks. Over the Internet, high school students can retrieve information and databases from every ne

18、tworked library around the world in seconds. The World Wide Web provides an easy way to access hard-to-find information. Students can now reach any library through the global network and find what they want. The final step is to download the scanned image. Though the slow transmission of signal thro

19、ugh the network is a major limiting factor, it can still save us much time in finding useful information, and thus it is an invaluable tool to both high school teachers and students.（分数：10.00）(1).The main point of paragraph 1 is toA outline the main causes of computerization.B outline the main conse

20、quences of computerization.C give background information on computerization.D give the authors viewpoint on computerization.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “facilitated“ (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA caused. B developed. C assisted. D fascinated.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Computerization in school

21、 education seems to beA yielding positive results.B distracting the students attention.C reducing the number of school dropouts.D relieving the burden of the traditional teachers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, the major advantage of the Internet isA its convenience in obtaining infor

22、mation.B its wide and cheap access around the world.C its ability to process information.D its adaptability to computer hardware.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards computerization seems to beA indifferent. B suspicious. C biased. D supportive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)I

23、n some ways, the United States has made spectacular progress. Fires no longer destroy 18,000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, or kill half a town of 2,400 people, as they did the same night in Peshtigo, Wisconsin. Other than the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky in 19

24、77, it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.But even with such successes, the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world. Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology, but the indifference of a country that just will not tak

25、e fires seriously enough. American fire departments are some of the worlds fastest and best-equipped. They have to be. The United States has twice Japans population, and 40 times as many fires. It spends far less on preventing fires than on fighting them. And American fire-safety lessons are aimed a

26、lmost entirely at children, who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who, contrary to popular myth, start very few of them.Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyones fault. That is not so in other countries, where both public education and the law tr

27、eat fires as either a personal failing or a crime. Japan has many wood houses; of the estimated 48 fires in world history, that burned more than 10,000 buildings, Japan has had 27. Penalties for causing a severe fire by negligence can be as high as life imprisonment.In the United States, most educat

28、ion dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience; just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure. There are smoke detectors in 85 percent

29、 of all homes. Some local building codes now require home sprinklers. New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.（分数：10.00）(1).The reason why so many Americans die in fires is that_.A. They took no interest in new technologyB. they did not attach great importance to preventing fire

30、sC. they showed indifference to fighting firesD. they did not spend enough money on fire facilities（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Although the fire death rate has declined, the United States_.A. still has the worst fire death rate in the worldB. is still alert to the fire problemC. is still training a large n

31、umber of safety expertsD. is still confronted with the serious fire problem（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that_.A. fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adultsB. American children have not received enough education of fire safety lessonC. Japan is better equipped

32、with fire facilities than the United StatesD. Americas large population accounts for hight fire frequency（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan?A. Architecture and building material.B. Education and technology.C. Laws and attitude.D. All of the above.（分数：2.00）

33、A.B.C.D.(5).To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries, the author suggests_.A. developing new technologyB. counting more on laws and social pressureC. placing a fire extinguisher in every familyD. reinforcing the safeness of household appliances（分

34、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institutes school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than th

35、eir male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One studyconducted in Sweden, of all placesshowed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. No

36、w, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities. Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglias school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she

37、has just presented her findings at this years meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around 1,500 ($2,850) a year. That is not, of course, irr

38、efutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of mens and womens lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks“ to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly

39、found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over 4,000 a year more than female ones. To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seni

40、ority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination. Besides pay, her study

41、also looked at the “ glass-ceiling“ effectnamely that at all stages of a womans career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bi

42、gger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair. Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studie

43、s, Dr. Connollys compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in

44、industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise, in other words, delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “cropped up“ in the first paragraph most probably means_. A planted B thrived C elevated D happened（

45、分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the followings can be attributed to Dr. Connollys study? A Pay discrimination between male and female scientists. B Fewer resources for research by women scientists. C The super qualities possessed by male scientists. D The role of analyzing the results of a survey.（分数：2

46、.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, the author places interpretation on_. A a term B a slang C a humor D a motto（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In contrast to Dr. Connollys study, the previous ones failed to_. A make a comparison between the experience of scientists in others kinds of laboratory and that of

47、 those in universities B make themselves more eligible for promotion C make a difference for a woman to settle into a professorial chair D make the supposedly egalitarian world of academia deliver more equality（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of followings could be the best title for the text? A Take the

48、Lead B Free to Flutter C The Hardest Move D Mind the Gap（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea is as audacious as it altruistic: provide a personal laptop computer to every schoolchild - particularly in the poorest parts of the world. The first step to making that happen is whittling the price down to $100. And that is the goal of a group of American techno-gurus led by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of the fabled MIT Media Lab. When he unveiled the idea at the World Economic Forum in January it seemed wildly ambitious. But surprisingly, it is starting to become a realit