【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(十五)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-中药学(十五)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In our society, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person (1) by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, stand in football match (2) , we are likely to

2、have conversations (3) we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views (4) by other members of society.Face-to-face contact is (5) the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the (6) of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporar

3、y society. Two things, (7) others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has (8) advances in printing, photography and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the (9) and reception of communications so that local news often (10) a back seat to nation

4、al news.No longer is the possession of information (11) to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to (12) to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that (13) into millions of houses. Communication is no longer merely concerned (14) the trans

5、mission of information. The modern communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing (15) to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all (16) with informing, educating and entertaining

6、. (17) a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society (18) which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is (19) to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning (20) .（分数：1

7、0.00）(1).A basis B base C level D ground（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A lines B queues C rows D files（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A whereas B which C that D where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A expressed B challenged C agreed D voiced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A by some means B by any means C by no means D by all means（分数：0.50）A.B

8、.C.D.(6).A art B device C way D method（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A below B above C over D beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A resulted from B translated into C led to D converted into（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A circulation B diffusion C transmission D transportation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A offers B chooses C takes D l

9、eaves（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A prohibited B provided C allowed D confined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A stroll B pour C flock D rush（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A is being channeled B is broadcastingC is being discharged D is transmitting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A about B with C to D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A access

10、B availability C entrance D entry（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A engaged B involved C occupied D dealt（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A Although B Since C If D Even if（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A with B for C by D of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A possible B likely C close D open（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A away B over C down D back（分

11、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Earlier this summer Arnold Schwarzenegger, Californias governor, said that the states penal system was “failing apart in front of our very eyes“. Indeed so. Some 172,000 inmates are crowded into institut

12、ions-from the states 33 prisons to its 12 “community correctional facilities“-that are meant to house fewer than 90,000. Drug abuse is rampant; so too are diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Race-based gangs pose the constant threat of violence, riot and even murder. And with more than 16,000 pris

13、oners sleeping in prison gymnasiums and classrooms, rehabilitation programs are virtually non-existent-which helps to explain why two-thirds of Californias convicts, the highest rate in the country, are back in prison within three years of being released.Will the governors summons of a special sessi

14、on of the state legislature, beginning this week, bring a remedy? The reason for the session is to discuss Mr Schwarzeneggers request for almost $ 5.8 billion of public money to be pumped into the prison system. Bonds for $ 2 billion would finance ten 500-bed “re-entry facilities“ for prisoners near

15、ing the end of their sentences; another $ 2 billion would expand existing prisons; $1.2 billion would be earmarked for two new prisons; and $ 500m would go for new prison hospitals.Money alone will provide neither an immediate solution nor a lasting one. The first problem is that California simply p

16、uts too many offenders in prison. The imprisonment rate, which has risen almost eight-fold since 1970 and is way ahead of any European country, has consistently meant overcrowding despite the construction of 22 new prisons in the past 20 years.The 1994 “three-strikes“ law, approved by voters in a re

17、ferendum, means handing out 25-years-to-life sentences for often trivial third offences-and results in the growing presence in prison of elderly inmates who cost the taxpayer far more than the average of $ 34,000 a prisoner. Meanwhile, the practice of returning parole violators to prison, even for r

18、elatively trivial missteps such as missing a drugs test, also strains the system; some 11% of inmates are parole violators. Added to all these are more than 5,000 illegal immigrants being held on behalf of the federal government.The second problem is that any attempt to reform Californias penal poli

19、cy becomes hostage to politics. Two years ago, the governor was expressing optimism. He added the word “rehabilitation“ to Californias department of corrections, appointed Rod Hickman, a reform-minded former prison guard, to oversee the system and promised to lessen the power of the 31,000-strong pr

20、ison guards union, not least by breaking the “code of silence“ that protects corrupt or violent guards. But that was then. The reality now is that Mr Hickman resigned in March. Evidence indicates that the governors office may have given the code of silence in Californias prisons a new lease on life.

21、Many experts say that with no moderation in sentencing policies on the horizon, the prison population is expected to grow by another 21,000 over the next five years-enough to outpace any prison-building program. Thus, the dream of prison reforms will never touch the ground.（分数：10.00）(1).By quoting g

22、overnor Schwarzeneggers remark, the author intends toA emphasize the fact that Schwarzenegger is still in his office.B show the fact that drug abuse is rampant in prisons.C point out that California has the highest convict rate in the US.D introduce the topic of overcrowding problem in California pr

23、isons.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, California has the highest rate of returning prisoners becauseA the prisons in California are too crowded.B the prisons failed to rehabilitate the prisoners.C the prisoners can sleep in the gymnasiums and classrooms.D the prisoners are released af

24、ter only three years of imprisonment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Arnold Schwarzenegger calls for a legislation session becauseA he wants to raise more money to enhance prison facilities.B he believes public money should be responsible for prison construction.C he realizes the problem with prisons is a lack

25、 of investment.D he plans to win a second term for his governorship.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is true about the “three-strikes“ law?A It actually wastes more resources in terms of finance.B It is approved by voters to save money for the taxpayers.C It severely punishes those who vi

26、olate the law for the third time.D It increases the cost of keeping a prisoner to $ 34,000.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the passage thatA the “code of silence“ often helps protect guards from violence.B the governors office has decided to give a new life to the prisons.C the solution

27、 to overpopulation in prisons lies in softening sentences.D the prison population calls for more prison-building programs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the past, American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become

28、familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it. To create and to impart, these were the distinctive features of American higher education prior to the most recent, disorderly decades of the twentieth century. The successful institution of higher learning had never been o

29、ne whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems. In a subtle way Americans believed higher education to be useful, but not necessarily of immediate use.Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges

30、 and universities. Institutions of higher learning-public or private-commonly face the challenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community.This service role has various applications. Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment m

31、arkets, to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility, to achieve racial, ethnic, or social integration, or more generally to produce “productive“ as compared to “educated“ graduates. Regardless of its precise definition, the idea of a service-university has won acceptance within

32、the academic community.One need only be reminded of the change in language describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative “junior“ college label and is gener

33、ally called a “community“ college, a clearly value-laden expression representing the latest commitment in higher education. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “union card“ in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the

34、accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function communicating knowledge to students, expanding the content of various disciplines, and interacting in a direct relationship with society has b

35、een the most important change in higher education in recent years.This novel development, however, is often overlooked. Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that have a “service“ or vocational orientation. It is important to know this. But some comm

36、entaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to, if not resolve, the problems of society. Whats worse, they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-universitywhat is higher education supposed to do?（分数：10.

37、00）(1).The opening paragraph is written in order to stateA the future usefulness of the knowledge obtained in college.B the missions of different educational institutions in America.C the purpose of American postsecondary education in the past.D the history of the development of American higher educ

38、ation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).One of the recent, important changes in higher education relates toA curriculum updates,B service-education concepts.C imparting knowledge to students.D combining education with production.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The service role of colleges specifically aims toA improve serv

39、ices.B serve the community.C provide skills for future use.D make graduates employable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the text that there exists a tendency toA play down the service-university.B highlight service-education functions.C alter the mission of primary education.D exaggerate

40、 the change in higher education.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards the service-education concept isA radical.B impartial.C optimistic.D supportive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed

41、 and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to cany out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowle

42、dge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, the

43、y are lull of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal,

44、not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and revi

45、ewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it way through the commun

46、ity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on

47、 some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear

48、 to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gy6rgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and

49、thinking what nobody has thought.“ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens“ to a discovery claima process that corresponds to wh