【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(十三)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-中药学(十三)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The role of governments in environmental management is deficit but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, (1) , governments act in an even more harmful way. They act

2、ually subsidize the exploitation and (2) of natural resources. A whole (3) of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and often (4) no economic sense. Making good policies offers a two-fold (5) : a cleaner environmentpolilicians and a more efficient e

3、conomy. Crowth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to (6) the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming, h shapes a third of the planets land area, not (7) Antarctica, and the proportion is rising.

4、 World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in (8) from land already in (9) , but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a (10) in

5、 the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.All these activities may have (11) environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agrieuhure is the largest single (12) of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may (13) water supplies; more intensive farming

6、and the abandonment of fallow periods (14) worsen soil erosion; and the spread of monochord and use of high-yielding varieties of euros have been accompanied by the (15) of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some (16) against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens th

7、e productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, (17) the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate (18) to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently (19) a program to conve

8、rt 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is (20) much faster than in America.（分数：10.00）(1).A however B therefore C but D hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A conjunction B compensation C eousun, ption D constitution（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A area B range C scope D field（分

9、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A take B hold C lose D make（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A profit B bonus C benefit D prize（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A confront B confine C conform D confuse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A thinking B considering C thirsting D counting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A outputs B supplies C yields D outcomes（分数：0.50）

10、A.B.C.D.(9).A revolution B civillzation C reservation D euhivation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A doubling B reducing C dismissing D repeating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A destroying B damaging C injuring D ruining（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A excuse B justification C cause D ground（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A purify B simp

11、lify C dirty D contaminate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A come to B bring to C tend to D stand to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A disappearance B discovery C disposition D disturbance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A reassurance B insurance C assurance D measure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A when B while C which D where（分数：0.50）A.B.

12、C.D.(18).A probable B capable C likely D hopeful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A set up B embark upon C build up D make up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A vanishing B staying C appearing D dissolving（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Of all the changes t

13、hat have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagi

14、ne a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their l

15、earned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts cr

16、iticism was considered an ornament to the Publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviews who wore their learni

17、ng lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,“

18、 Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.“ Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now k

19、nown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Y

20、et only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use f

21、or the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. （分数：10.00）(1).It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that _. A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers B English-language newspapers use

22、d to carry more arts reviews C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by _. A free themes B casual style C elaborate layout D radical v

23、iewpoints（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on? A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals. B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. D Not all writers are capable of journalistic

24、 writing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. C His style caters largely to modern specialists. D His writings fail to follow the

25、 amateur tradition.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What would be the best title for the text? A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If there is one thing scientists have to hear,

26、it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they have, todays scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be p

27、ublished in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of todays leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be ove

28、r came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation in the United States last year. “The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief, “Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaini

29、ng unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960sthe genetic code, plate tectonics, and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards

30、proving the Big Banggenuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, that ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a

31、fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than todays? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. “Look, dont get me wrong,“ says Mr Horgan. “There are lots of impor

32、tant things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress./（分数：10.00）(1).The sentence “most of the best things have already been located“ could mean_.A. most of the best thi

33、ngs have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).John Horgan_. has published a book entitled The End of Science. has been work

34、ing as an editor of Scientific American. has been working many years as a literary critic. is working as a science writerA. and B. C. and D. , and （分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades because_.A. there have been decreased returns in the

35、 research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engineering take up too much time and energyD. todays scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The term “the Big Bang“ probably refers to_.A. the gen

36、etic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic energy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title of this passage can be_.A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modern ScientistsC. The

37、 State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes Scarce（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice

38、decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by Americas Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive th

39、at was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levis jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive. Levi Strauss persuaded the

40、court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levis case is specious. The superma

41、rket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levis jeans sold in America and Europea service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levis jeans a week, for about

42、 half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tescos head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks “creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance“. The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined

43、 in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensi

44、ng and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere. Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has b

45、een losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levis might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no

46、court can help to make it a great brand again.（分数：10.00）(1). Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1? A Consumers and free traders were very angry. B Only the Levis maker can decide the prices of the jeans. C The ruling has protected Levis from price dumping. D Levis jeans should

47、 be sold at a high price.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2). Guccis success shows that_. A it has changed its fate with its own effort B Gucci has successfully saved its own image C opening its own stores is the key to success D it should be the courts duty to save its image（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “specious

48、“ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) in the context probably means_. A responsible for oneself B having too many doubts C not as it seems to be D raising misunderstanding（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4). According to the passage, the doomed fate of Levis is caused by such factors except that_. A the rivals are competitive B it fails to command premium prices C market forces have their own rules D the court fails to give some help（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards Levis prospect seems to be_. A biased B indifferent C puzzling D objective（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.