【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(二十二)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-中药学(二十二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is becoming mature. A man reaches the mature (1) of his reasoning powers and mental faculties (2) before the age of twenty-eight; a woman at eighteen. And then,

2、 too, in the case of woman, it is the only reason of a sort-very mean in its (3) . That is why women remain children their whole life long; never seeing (4) but what is quite close to them, (5) fast to the present moment, taking appearance for (6) , and preferring (7) to matters of the first importa

3、nce. For it is (8) his reasoning faculty that man does not live in the present only, (9) the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future; and this is the origin of (10) , as well as that of care and anxiety which so many people (11) Both the advantages and the disadvantages, whi

4、ch this (12) , are (13) in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may, in fact, be described as intellectually shortsighted, (14) , while she has an immediate understanding of what lies quite close to her, her field of (15) is narrow and does not reach to what

5、 is (16) ; so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are inclined to be (17) and sometimes carry their desire to a (18) that borders upon madness. In their hearts, women think it is mens business to earn money a

6、nd theirs to spend it-if possible during their husbands life, (19) , at any rate, after his death. The very fact that their husband hands them (20) his earnings for purposes of housekeeping strengthens them in this belief.（分数：10.00）(1).A burden B drive C stage D move（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A barely B s

7、carcely C rarely D hardly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A dimensions B perspectives C indices D diameters（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A something B anything C everything D nothing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A fastening B sticking C taking D seeing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A fancy B practice C reality D illusion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(

8、7).A fragments B trifles C remains D substances（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A at the mercy of B with regard to C in the interests of D by virtue of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A above B like C beside D including（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A jealousy B generosity C identity D prudence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A advocate B dem

9、onstrate C exhibit D reveal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A concerns B relates C involves D retains（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A shared B joined C bound D hurried（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A before B because C unless D until（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A sigh B vision C reach D glance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A obscure B invisibl

10、e C remote D primitive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A extravagant B extreme C credible D wretched（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A end B limit C span D length（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A but B for C though D while（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A down B over C in D up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：

11、0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)People have good reason to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankinds humanity. It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement to a

12、bolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of people go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once res

13、erved for mankind to other species. But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safe

14、ly hidden from the meat-eaters gaze and the childs story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade (much of which is from farmed animals) quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals). Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people c

15、annot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most peoples lives, it is particularly vulnerable to

16、their campaigns. In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. An

17、imal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research. And science is, by and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million (mainly rats and mice) that die i

18、n Britains laboratories are far better looked- after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so (mainly chickens ) on Britains farms. Indeed, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows, you can be fairly sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step ba

19、ckwards.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph is written to_. A put forward sound reason to care about the welfare of animals B emphasize the glory of the Enlightenment C introduce the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals D provide background knowledge for the discussion to be expanded

20、（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The inconsistency in our routine lives is defined by enumerating_. A the deeds conducted by Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton B the people who condemn the fur-trade but merrily wear leather C the understanding of the ancient times concerning a system of rights D the comprehension of the

21、 way to the extremist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph that_. A the publics ignorance of scientific research results in attacks on science B a measure of mankinds humanity is taken into account C confusion and contradiction result from vulnerable campaigns D the debate

22、 is bound to aggravate in the next decade（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? A Even if they deplore the activitists use of intimidation and violence, animal lovers everywhere can sure rejoice today. B Science does not deserve to be the ta

23、rget of protests, whatever you think of animal rights. C Over the years something good has come from the campaign against the animal industry. D It is a sensible move that Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In the text, a comparison is made s

24、o as to_. A abolish the slave trade B elaborate a higher purpose of animal research C warn that mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals D assert that science is, by and large, kind to its animals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A bite of a cookie containing peanuts could cause the ai

25、rway to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise a case of hives. A peanut butter cup dropped in a Halloween bag could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk. These are the scenarios that “make your b

26、one marrow turn cold“ according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Besides representing the policy interests of food biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father of a four-year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy

27、. Peanuts are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover around 2 percent of the population. Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that biotechnologists are altering genetically in an attempt to eliminate t

28、he proteins that do great harm to some peoples immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause life-threatening reactions, the scientists are also targeting soybeans, which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured food, making the supermarket a minefield for people allergic to soy.

29、 Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might soon expand their research to the rest of the “big eight“ allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk, eggs, shellfish and fish. Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics researcher at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington

30、, Del., and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a protein responsible for causing 65 percent of all soybean allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to protect themselves against foreign genetic material; it caus

31、es a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively turning off the gene. Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be low-allergen is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a subsidiary of DuPont, says that the comp

32、any will conduct studies to determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She estimates that Pioneer Hi-Bred is seven years away from commercializing the altered soybeans. Doug Gurian-Sherman, scientific director of the biotechnolog

33、y project at the Center for Science in the Public Interesta group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration oversight for genetically modified foodscomments that his organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove to be safe. But he wonders about “identity preservation“

34、 a term used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch of nonengineered peanuts or soybeans might contaminate machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests, reducing the benefit of the gene-altered food. Such

35、 issues of identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But, she says, “its still too early to see if thats true. /（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, foods have been genetically altered to_. A taste more delicious B to cure p

36、eoples ineffectiveness in immune system C to promote sales of peanut D to lower the chance to get allergy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2). What can be inferred about genetically modified foods from the text? A People do not accept any genetically modified foods. B All genetically modified foods will be of benef

37、it to peoples health. C Genetically modified foods still have a long way to go. D Genetically modified foods will soon be sold in supermarkets.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, which of the following statements is true? A Genetically modified foods have been supervised by the authority. B

38、Genetically modified foods have proved to be safe. C The nonengineered foods absolutely can be contaminated by the engineered foods. D The engineered foods are immediately profitable for the food companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the text, we can know that RNAi_. A can deprive cells of certain mec

39、hanism B can protect cells against foreign genetic material C can be effective on 34 kinds of genes D can cause soybean allergies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude towards genetically modified foods? A Supportive. B Unbiased. C Partial. D Skeptical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：1

40、0.00)Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institutes school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrim

41、ination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One studyconducted in Sweden, of all placesshowed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found t

42、hat discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities. Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglias school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at

43、 this years meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around 1,500 ($2,850) a year. That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination.

44、An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of mens and womens lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks“ to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to

45、earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over 4,000 a year more than female ones. To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how

46、 much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination. Besides pay, her study also looked at the “ glass-ceiling

47、“ effectnamely that at all stages of a womans career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the ha

48、rdest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair. Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies, Dr. Connollys compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research inst