【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(二十)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-中药学(二十)及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied mainly on print and radio to promote their products and services. The advent of television (1) a revolution in product and servi

2、ce. Between 1949 and 1951, advertising on television grew 960 percent. Today the Internet is once again (2) promotion. By going online, companies can communicate instantly and directly with prospective customers. (3) on the World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships, and sales promotions (4)

3、sweepstakes, contests, coupons, and rebates. In 1996 World Wide Web advertising revenues (5) $ 300 million.Effective online marketers dont (6) transfer hard-copy ads to cyberspace. (7) sites blend promotional and non-promotional information indirectly delivering the advertising messages. To (8) visi

4、ts to their sites and to create and (9) customer loyalty, companies change information frequently and provide many opportunities for (10) .A prototype for excellent (11) promotion is the Ragu Web site. Here visitors can find thirty-six pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film fe

5、stival, (12) they will find no traditional ads. (13) subtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know an advertising message has been (14) . Sega of America, maker of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a (15) of different promotions, such as (16) new game characte

6、rs to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to (17) games. Segas home page averages 250,000 visits a day. To heighten interest in the site, Sega bought an advertising banner on Netscape (18) increasing site visits by 15 percent. Online (19) in Quaker Oats Gatorade promotion received a

7、 free T-shirt in exchange for answering a few questions. Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion created product (20) and helped the company know its customers better.（分数：10.00）(1).A brought down B brought about C brought out D brought up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A transferring B transforming C tra

8、nsmitting D transplanting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A Advertising B Marketing C Sales D Promotion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A like B about C as D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A arrived B topped C overcame D descended（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A merely B virtually C hardly D actually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A Pirating B Optimis

9、tic C Successful D Legitimate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A encourage B frustrate C tempt D commit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A devastate B designate C cultivate D confirm（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A interaction B assimilation C differentiation D collaboration（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A internet B online C current D predom

10、inant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A though B for C but D while（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A Since B However C Such D So（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A propagated B advertised C delivered D affected（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A variety B couple C monotone D section（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A discovering B introducing C raising D c

11、reating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A exchange B purchase C download D acquire（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A thereby B though C nonetheless D hereafter（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A customers B addicts C participants D marketers（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A loyalty B credit C prestige D diversity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Rea

12、ding Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Come onEverybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book

13、Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Pri

14、ze, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their

15、peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please d

16、ont smoke!“ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiven

17、ess of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work ver

18、y well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habit

19、sas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activ

20、ities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosi

21、ng our own friends.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cure.B a stimulus to group dynamics.C an obstacle to school progress.D a cause of undesirable behaviors.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates shou

22、ldA recruit professional advertisers.B learn from advertisers experience.C stay away from commercial advertisers.D recognize the limitations of advertisements.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factors.B effectively evade the fl

23、aws of the social cure.C illustrate the functions of state funding.D produce a long-lasting social effect.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friends.B will mislead behavioral studies.C occurs without our realizing it.D can produce ne

24、gative health habits.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmful. B desirable. C profound. D questionable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“Were using the wrong word,“ says Sean Drysdale, a desperate doctor from a rural hospital

25、 at Hlabisa in northern KwaZulu-Natal. “This isnt an epidemic, its a disaster. “ A recent UNIEF report, which states that almost one-third of Swazilands 900,000 people are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, supports this diagnosis. HIV is spreading faster in southern Africa than anywhere

26、 else in the world.But is anyone paying attention? Despite the fact that most of the worlds 33.5 million HIV/AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan Africawith an additional 4 million infected each yearthe priorities at last weeks Organization of African Unity summit were conflict resolution and economies dev

27、elopment. Yet the epidemic could have a greater effect on economic developmentor, rather, the lack of itthan many politicians suspect.While business leaders are more concerned about the 2K millennium bug than the long-term effect of AIDS, statistics show that the workfare in South Africa, for instan

28、ce, is likely to be 20% HIV positive by next year. Medical officials and researchers warn that not a single country in the region has a cohesive government strategy to tackle the crisis.The way managers address AIDS in the workplace will determine whether their companies survive the first decade of

29、the 21st century, says Deane Moore, an actuary for South Africas Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Moore estimates that in South Africa there will be 580,000 new AIDS cases a year and a life expectancy of just 38 by 2010. “Well be back to the Middle Ages,“ says Drysdale, whose hospital is in one

30、of the areas in South Africa with the highest rates of HIV infection. “The graph is heading toward the vertical. And yet people are still not taking it seriously. “Most southern African countries are simply too poor to supply more than basic health services, let alone medicines, to confront the cris

31、is. Patients in some government hospitals in Harare have to supply their own bedding, food, drugs and, in some cases, even their own nurses. Zimbabwes frail domestic economy depends to a large extent on informal enterprises and small businesses, many of which are going bankrupt as AIDS takes its tol

32、l on owners and employees. “The ripple effect is devastating,“ says Harare AIDS researcher Rene Loewenson.More ominous are the implications for South Africa with a sophisticated industrial infrastructure as well as a widespread informal sector. While the South African government is active in promoti

33、ng AIDS education, it hasnt the money, manpower or material to cope with the attack of AIDS.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the sentence “Were using the wrong word“ in Paragraph 1 mean?A The words “epidemic“ and “disaster“ are misspelled in the UNIEF report.B The word “epidemic“ is not severe enough to desc

34、ribe the situation.C The word “disaster“ is too severe to describe the situation.D The word “diagnosis“ is left out by some unknown reason.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A The AIDS problem is not so serious as to catch the governments attention.B Organization

35、 of African Unity summit discussed the AIDS problem without any result.C Neither the political nor the business leaders ease about the AIDS problem.D Statistics show the AIDS problem in South Africa will be positive by next year.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying “The graph is heading toward the vertica

36、l“ ( Para. 4) , Drysdale wants to tell people_.A something is wrong with the statisticsB the increase of the AIDS cases is fastC the direction of the graph is a sign of improvementD people seldom take it seriously（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which is the major reason for the AIDS situation in South Africa?A

37、 The poor economic power in the African countries.B The industrial infrastructure is complex.C The informal sector is widespread.D The lack of government concern.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we infer from the passage?A Some measures must be taken to change the AIDS situation.B All the countries mus

38、t fight against AIDS problems to protect their economy.C AIDS problems are not serious because they occur just in part of the world.D The author is optimistic about the AIDS situation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In an age of perpetual digital connectedness, why do people seem so disconn

39、ected? In a Duke University study, researchers found that from 1985 to 2004, the percentage of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25%; the same study found that overall, Americans had one-third fewer friends and confidants than they did two decade

40、s ago.Another recent study, by researchers at the University of Michigan, found that college students today have significantly less empathy than students of generations past did. The reason, psychologists speculate, may have something to do with our increasing reliance on digital communication and o

41、ther forms of new media.Its possible that instead of fostering real friendships off-line, e-mail and social networking may take the place of themand the distance inherent in screen-only interactions may breed feelings of isolation or a tendency to care less about other people. After all, if you dont

42、 feel like dealing with a friends problem online, all you have to do is log off.The problem is, as empathy wanes, so does trust. And without trust, you cant have a cohesive society. Consider the findings of a new study co-authored by Kevin Rockmann of George Mason University and Gregory Northcraft a

43、t the University of Illinois who specializes in workplace collaboration. Northcraft says high-tech communications like e-mail and (to a lesser extent) videoconferencingwhich are sometimes known as “lean communication“ because they have fewer cues like eye contact and posture for people to rely onstr

44、ip away the personal interaction needed to breed trust. In a business settingas in all other social relationships outside the workplacetrust is a necessary condition for effective cooperation within a group. “Technology has made us much more efficient but much less effective,“ said Northcraft in a s

45、tatement. “Something is being gained, but something is being lost. The something gained is time, and the something lost is the quality of relationships. And quality of relationships matters.“In Rockmann and Northcrafts study, 200 students were divided into teams and asked to manage two complicated p

46、rojects: one having to do with nuclear disarmament; the other, price fixing. Some groups communicated via e-mail, some via videoconference and others face to face. In the end, those who met in person showed the most trust and most effective cooperation; those using e-mail were the least able to work

47、 together and get the job done.Northcraft thinks this is because real-life meetings, during which participants can see how engaged their colleagues are, breed more trust. Over e-mail, meanwhile, confirmation of hard work gets lost, which tends to encourage mutual slacking off.（分数：10.00）(1).The study

48、 of interpersonal relations by Duke University reveals that_.A people become too introverted to talk about personal mattersB people tend not to be empatheticC people may feel more isolated than they did beforeD people prefer online communication with others（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that nowadays college students_.A can hardly find real friendship in their daily lifeB are more skillful at using new forms of mediaC realize the disadvantage of digital communicationD are less able to understand others feelings（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).One reason why people may ha