【考研类试卷】考研英语(一)-76及答案解析.doc
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1、考研英语(一)-76 及答案解析(总分:100.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数:0,分数:0.00)When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But a growing number of studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. 1 Instead, the research f
2、inds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, Progress in Brain Research. Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer“s disease, for example, s
3、trikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. 2 But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful.
4、 “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,“ said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.“ For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages
5、that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults who are 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. 3 Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean older people slow down even more when the words are rela
6、ted to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. 4 When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students. “Fo
7、r the young people, it“s as if the distraction never happened,“ said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they“ve retained all this extra data they“re now s
8、uddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they“ve soaked up from one situation to another.“ 5 Such tendencies can yield big advantages in the real world where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or s
9、uggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others, yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker“s real impact.(分数:20.00)_It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had ever
10、ything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters“ in the human body. 6 The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, th
11、e completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government“s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly
12、symbolic, the public / private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an
13、important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being). No one is exac
14、tly sure how things will be different now. 7 Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soonthe “finish lines“ each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts“ rather than the definitive version. 8 And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors
15、 closer together than they“ve been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up this February when Britain“s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlin
16、ing the HGP“s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.“ But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,“ Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.“ 9 At a cancer meeting earlier
17、this month, Venter and Collins praised each other“s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday“s joint announcement were hammered out. S
18、cientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.“ 10 With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.(分数:20.00)_“I“ve nev
19、er met a human worth cloning,“ says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It“s a stupid endeavor.“ 11 That“s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. S
20、o far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this yearor perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man“s best frienddog is one of the mysteries of modern scie
21、nce. Westhusin“s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. 12 In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy“s DNA. 13 The wastage of eggs a
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