【考研类试卷】考博英语-试卷278及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-试卷 278 及答案解析(总分：152.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Often such arguments have the effect of_ rather than clarifying the issues involved.（分数：2.00）A.obscuringB.prejudicingC.tacklingD.blocking2.His_directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.（分数：2.

2、00）A.ambiguousB.complicatedC.arbitraryD.intricate3.Alice came back from her trip, _the house completely deserted.（分数：2.00）A.so that she foundB.to findC.only findingD.only to find4._individuals as take up this role often find life frustrating.（分数：2.00）A.SoB.ThoseC.SuchD.Those5.David often sits in a s

3、mall bar, drinking and smoking considerably more_.（分数：2.00）A.than that he is healthyB.than good for his healthC.than his health couldD.than is good for his health6.Happy_they were, there was something missing.（分数：2.00）A.thoughB.whichC.asD.since7.Its about time parents_the gaps between them and their

4、 children.（分数：2.00）A.bridgedB.bridgeC.have bridgedD.will bridge8.But for his poverty, he_more students living in the poverty stricken areas to go to universities.（分数：2.00）A.has assistedB.would have assistedC.assistD.will assist9.Prof. Smith_ forty or so when I first met him at the International Peac

5、e Conference in Geneva.（分数：2.00）A.must beB.had beenC.must have beenD.could be10.If that idea was wrong, the project is bound to fail, _ good all the other ideas might be.（分数：2.00）A.whateverB.howeverC.whatsoeverD.though11.The senator was made to digress time and again from the main point of his speec

6、h because of the red_constantly_by his opponents in the audience.（分数：2.00）A.tomatoes, thrown outB.herrings, brought upC.apples, put forwardD.mullets, laid down12.It is very plain that such a life as this is far more_to health than that of the man who can afford little leisure for necessary rest in t

7、he course of the day.（分数：2.00）A.conductiveB.constructiveC.conciliateD.conducive13.Contradictory to popular belief, recent surveys show that besides housewives, many college students are also_to soap operas.（分数：2.00）A.appealedB.addictedC.adjustedD.attracted14.He used to play badminton with you, _?（分数

8、：2.00）A.didnt heB.used heC.did heD.gone off15.I got a new battery for my recorder only last week, but it seems to have_ already.（分数：2.00）A.worn outB.run downC.knocked offD.gone off16.To test his theory, the chemist_an experiment.（分数：2.00）A.set upB.set outC.set forthD.set in17.He likes to swim_.（分数：2

9、.00）A.and playing footballB.and he also likes playing footballC.and to play footballD.and he likes to play football18.While watching television, _.（分数：2.00）A.the telephone rangB.we heard the telephone ringC.we heard the telephone rangD.the telephone was rung19.“Do you mind_?“ “Go ahead. I dont mind.

10、 “（分数：2.00）A.turning on the fanB.I turn on the fanC.if I turn on the fanD.to turn on the fan20.When solid changes to liquid, it_heat from all substances near it and this reduces the temperature surrounding it.（分数：2.00）A.takes inB.takes onC.takes offD.takes down21.The department chairman_with thanks

11、the assistance of all the faculty members for getting the celebration ready in a short time.（分数：2.00）A.expressesB.declaresC.announcesD.acknowledges22.The manager threw a party_the group of computer experts from the United States.（分数：2.00）A.in honor ofB.in favor ofC.in welcome ofD.in celebration of23

12、.This state research program is made up of two funds, _could last for two years.（分数：2.00）A.the larger oneB.the larger of whichC.the largest oneD.the largest of which24.She claims to be very learned in biochemistry, but in fact_ she knows about it is all sadly out of date.（分数：2.00）A.so littleB.that m

13、uchC.what littleD.how much25.Some people feel that television should give less_to sport.（分数：2.00）A.programsB.coverageC.concernD.involvement二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing

14、famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the worlds population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis. But that doesnt have to be the outcome. Water short

15、ages do not have to trouble the world, if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free

16、 resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want. Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs. Governments should also prote

17、ct this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland. No matter what ste

18、ps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up centra

19、l authorities to coordinate water policy.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?（分数：2.00）A.Only half of the worlds water can be used.B.The world population is increasing faster and faster.C.Half of the worlds water resources have been seriously polluted.D.Humanity has not

20、 placed sufficient value on water resources.(2).As indicated in the passage, the water problem_.（分数：2.00）A.is already serious in certain parts of the worldB.has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC.poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD.is underestimated by government

21、organizations at different levels(3).According to the author, the water price should_.（分数：2.00）A.be reduced to the minimumB.stimulate domestic demandC.correspond to its real valueD.take into account the occurrences of droughts(4).The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to_.（分数

22、：2.00）A.build big lakes to store waterB.construct big pumping stationsC.build small and cheap irrigation systemsD.channel water from nearby rivers to cropland(5).In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to_.（分数：2.00）A.guarantee full protection of the environment

23、B.centralize the management of water resourcesC.increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levelsD.encourage local and regional of control water resourcesIs language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging fro

24、m the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What

25、was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is th

26、at the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time

27、, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and m

28、akes Vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style

29、rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear“ . And e

30、ven more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the m

31、other recognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to

32、the growth and development of language.（分数：10.00）(1).The purpose of Frederick II s experiment was_.（分数：2.00）A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teac

33、hing a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language(2).The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that_.（分数：2.00）A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond in

34、adequately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them(3).What is particularly remarkable about a child is that_.（分数：2.00）A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech a

35、bility to good nursing(4).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The childs brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above.(5).If a child starts to speak later than others, he will

36、_in future.（分数：2.00）A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backwardA new biotechnology procedure that could become commercially available in as little as two to four years is “transgenosis“, which permits scientists to create an animal with specif

37、ic traits by adding, removing, inactivating, or repairing genes in an embryo. The additional genes can come from any source. For example, if a gene of interest occurs in mosquitoessay, one that codes for resistance to a certain diseaseit can be removed and placed in the embryo of a farm animal, the

38、several strains of commercially useful transgenic farm animals that will probably emerge in the next few years could include leaner pigs, poultry resisting to influenza or other deadly diseases, sheep with wool that is easier to wash, and goats that produce valuable pharmaceuticals in their milk. Th

39、e simplest way to make transgenic animals is to inject a gene into a one-cell embryo and then implant the embryo in another animal. Under the right conditions, the new gene joins one of the embryos strands of genes. Each cell created as the embryo divides gets a copy of the new gene. An alternative

40、technique is to incorporate the gene into a type of virus known as a retrovirus that has been modified so it cannot reproduce itself after entering a cell. The virus, which cannot cause disease, delivers the gene to the cells nucleus. Often this method is better than gene injection because a retrovi

41、rus always delivers just one gene, and the gene is always undamaged and complete.（分数：10.00）(1).The new biotechnology procedure discussed in this passage mainly concerns_.（分数：2.00）A.embryosB.pigs, sheep and goatsC.commercial scienceD.improvement of animal strains(2).In the first sentence, “to become

42、commercially available“ means_.（分数：2.00）A.this procedure is available only on the marketB.this procedure can be used in producing better farm animalsC.this procedure can be used to promote businessD.people such as farmers can use this procedure in their production(3).The transgenic farm animals ment

43、ioned in this passage are_.（分数：2.00）A.pigs, cows and mosquitoes that have gone through the transgenic procedureB.pigs, cows, sheep and chickens that have accepted additional genesC.leaner pigs, poultry that produce pharmaceuticals and healthier sheepD.leaner pigs, chickens resisting diseases and goa

44、ts that produce milk with medicine in it(4).Which of the following is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.After injection, the embryo gets a copy of the new gene as it divides.B.The injection method is less good because the new gene sometimes fails to join the embryos genes.C.The retrovirus multiplies after it ente

45、rs the cell.D.The incorporating method is less simple but better.(5).The tone of this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.factualC.humorousD.romanticRead the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts.(Paraphrase“ means “to explain the meaning in your own English“

46、.) Dealing with Depression 【R1】 Contrary to what many people think depression is not a normal part of growing older. Nor is it harder to treat in older people. But it is often harder to recognize and harder to get patients to accept and continue with treatment. “Most people think sadness is a hallma

47、rk of depression,“ Bruce said. “But more often in older people its anhedoniatheyre not enjoying life. Theyre irritable and cranky. “ 【R2】 She added; “Many older people despair over the quality of their lives at the end of life. If they have a functional disability or serious medical illness, it may

48、make it harder to notice depression in older people. “ Family members, friends and medical personnel must take it seriously when an older person says “Life is not worth living,“ “I dont see any point in living,“ “Id be better off dead“ or “My family would be better off if I died,“ the experts emphas

49、ized. “Listen carefully, empathize and help the person get evaluated for treatment or into treatment,“ Brown urged. 【R3】 He warned that “depressed older adults tend to have fewer symptoms“ than younger adults who are depressed. The ideal approach, of course, is to prevent depression in the first place. 【R4】 Brown recommended that older adults structure their days by maintaining a r