【考研类试卷】考博英语-基础训练5及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-基础训练 5 及答案解析(总分：16.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：4.00)A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday,the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his workAft

2、er observing the demonstrations closely,one of the officials remarked bluntly,“Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?“I dont know,“replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxingthem“From the demonstration of a princ

3、iple to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of stepsThe speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things doneJust as management applies to the wonders that have evol

4、ved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsto Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C.with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a“conveyor belt“of 40 elephantsor to the e

5、arly Christian Church, with its worldshaking concepts of individual freedom and equalityThese ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority,divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management t

6、odayBut the real impetus to management as an emerging profession W3S the Industrial RevolutionOriginating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes；among them John Kays flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargroves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Comptons M

7、ule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785（分数：4.00）(1).The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that_Apoliticians tax everythingBpeople are skeptical about the values of pure researchCgovernment should support scientistsDhe was rejected by his government（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Ma

8、nagement is defined as_Athe creator of the Industrial Revolution Bsupervising subordinatesCthe art of getting things done Dan emerging profession（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Management came into its own_Ain the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsBin Hannibals famous trip across the AlpsCin the

9、 development of early Christian ChurchDin the eighteenth century（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is_Athe problem of command Bdivision of laborCcontrol by authority Dcompetition（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：4.00)By education, I mean the influence of the

10、environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitudeIt is in being thus susceptible to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lowerThe lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in

11、 the direction of changing their habitsTheir instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredityWhen transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instinctsThus the “ant-lion“whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen, goes backwa

12、rds on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into itIt knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as useless as cultivat

13、ing an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity“ Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencilAdvance in the scal

14、e of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instinctsSuch beings we know in the ants and spidersBut another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhap

15、s even in manHabits, instead of being born ready-made(when they are called instincts and not habits at all), were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who nOW cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which

16、 vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harmThis means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more importantBut this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truthFor al

17、though fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importanceThe ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited jus

18、t as much as can definite responses to narrow situationsBesides, since a mechanism-is now,for the first time, created by which the individual(in contradiction to the species)can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more importantAnd finally,less not the higher

19、 animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver,and preeminently by manEnvironment and heredity are in no case exclusive but alwayssupplementary factors（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following is the most

20、suitable title for the passage?AThe Evolution of InsectsBEnvironment and HeredityCEducation：The Influence of the EnvironmentDThe Instincts ofAnimals（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can be inferred from the example of the antlion in the first paragraph?AInstincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reaction

21、s in strange situationsBWhen it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interruptedCEnvironment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insectsDAlong the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Based on the example provide

22、d in the passage，we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made，it will probably_Abegin a completely new net Bdestroy the half-netCspin the rest of the net Dstay away from the net（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is true about habits according

23、 to the passage?AThey are natural endowments to living creaturesBThey are more important than instincts to all animalsCThey are subject to the formative influence of the environmentDThey are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、

24、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his patemal(fatherly) wisdomor at least confirm that hes the kids dadAll he needs to do is shell out$30 for paternity testing kit (PTK)at his local drugstoreand another$120 to get the resultsMore than 60,000

25、 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kitsMore than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hund

26、red dollars to more than$2500Among the most popular：patemity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and 1atest rage a many passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic rootsMost tests require collecting c

27、eils by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testingAll tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNABut some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, “says Trey Duster,a New

28、 York University sociologistHe notes that each indivridual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries backYet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only fr

29、om mothers This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparentsCritics also argue that commercial genetic testing is on

30、ly as good as the reference collections to which a sample is comparedDatabases used by some companies dont rely on data collected svstematically but rather lump together information from different research projectsThis means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others

31、, SO a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the resultsIn addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation（分数：5.00）(1).In paragraphs 1 and 2，thetext showsPTKs_Aeasy availab

32、ilityBflexibility in pricingCsuccessful promotionDpopularity with households（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).PTK is used to_A10cate ones birth placeBpromote genetic researchCidentify parent-child kinshipDchoose children for adoption（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_

33、Atrace distant ancestorsBrebuild reliable bloodlinesCfully use genetic informationDachieve the claimed accuracy（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In the last paragraph，a problem commercial genetic testing faces is_Adisorganized data collectionBoverlapping database buildingCexcessive sample comparisonD1ack of pate

34、nt evaluation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_AFors and Againsts of DNA TestingBDNA Testing and Its ProblemsCDNA Testing Outside the LabDLies behind DNA Testing（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：3.00)The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their

35、own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday“We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers tended to think that they did rather well, “Justin KrugeL co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interviewKruger and co-author David Dun

36、ning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar,even sense of humor-people who essentially were inept never realized it, while those who had some ability were self-critical“It had little to do with innate modesty,“Kruger said“but rather with a central paradox： Incompet

37、ents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realisticallyOnce they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom“Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, “Dunning said by telephone in a se

38、parate interview,“while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performancehi certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion, the researchers saidBut even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, th

39、e perpetrator is blithely unaware of the problem“This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjectsstudents at Cornell University,where the two researchers were basedoften rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning testLater,when the

40、students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower,having learned what constituted competence in this areaGrammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed differ

41、ent challenges, the researchers saidParticipants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were, and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thoughtOn average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 1 6 percentage pointsThis might be thought of as the“above-

42、average effect“, the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibilityThe researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiastsThe doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thou

43、ght they knew more than they actually did about gun safetySo who should be trusted：The person who admits incompetence or the one who shows confidence?Neither,according to Dunning“You cant take them at their wordYouve got to take a look at their performance，”Dunning added（分数：3.00）(1).Why do incompete

44、nt people rarely know they are inept?AThey are too inept to know what competence isBThey are not skillful at logical reasoning，grammar,and sense of humorCThey lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realisticallyDThey have some ability to over criticize themselves（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Whi

45、ch of the following statement is NOT true，according to the passage?AStudents at Cornell University often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning testBGrammar was an area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competenceCParticipants in the test es

46、timated their sense of humor by about 1 6 percentage pointsDStudents scored better on a logical reasoning test but rated themselves lower（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What do you know about“above-average effect“based on the passage?AMost Americans assess themselves as above averageBAmerican doctors overestim

47、ated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnosesCAmerican gun enthusiasts thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safetyDAll of the above（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.考博英语-基础训练 5 答案解析(总分：16.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：4.00)A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday,the n

48、oted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his workAfter observing the demonstrations closely,one of the officials remarked bluntly,“Its a fascinating demonstration, youn

49、g man, but just what practical application will come of this?“I dont know,“replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxingthem“From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of stepsThe speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken