【考研类试卷】考博英语-148及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-148 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：5，分数：40.00)BDirections:/B There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and m

2、ark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales,

3、 or mysticetes. In this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mysticetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the so

4、unds themselves. Although comparison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mysticetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other m

5、ammalian group.（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following animals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain?（分数：2.00）A.Elephants.B.Humpback whales.C.Racoons.D.Sperm whales.(2).The noises produced by whales _.（分数：2.00）A.are produced in the upper part of the windpipeB.are louder than those o

6、f other sea animalsC.are used to locate their matesD.can be heard only by other whales(3).According to the information given _.（分数：2.00）A.porpoises have vocal cords but right whales do notB.Russians report vocal cords in five species of whalesC.there is a correlation between vocal cords and auditory

7、 areas of the brainD.whales do not have vocal cords(4).In which of the following is the auditory center of the brain most highly developed?（分数：2.00）A.Humpback whale.B.Right whale.C.Sperm whale.D.Whalebone whale.Then felt like some watcher of the skiesWhen a new planet swims into his ken,Or like stou

8、t Cortez, when with eagle eyesHe stared at the Pacific-and all his menLooked at each other with a wild surmise-Silent, upon a peak in Darien.-KeatsWith these well-loved lines John Keats recognized the most important geographical event in all the world, excepting only the feat of the Admiral Columbus

9、 himself. It was the discovery by European men of a vast sheet of water covering nearly 40 per cent of the globe-the ocean later to be named Pacific by Ferdinand Magellan because of its seeming tranquility. It is too bad that Keats beautiful lines erred in naming stout Cortez instead of the equally

10、stout Balboa, a hero of much courage and perseverance.Too bad it was, too, for the immortal Vasco Nunez de Balboa, that communications in his day were so slow and uncertain. Had they been better he might well have avoided losing his head for his pains in bringing renown to Spain and incalculable new

11、 knowledge to the civilized world. For lose it he did, under the axe at the insance of a jealous governor.（分数：8.00）(1).The author quotes the six lines from John Keats poem to call attention to _.（分数：2.00）A.the beauty of the poetryB.Keats historical errorC.the vastness of the PacificD.the silence in

12、Darien(2).The Pacific Ocean _.（分数：2.00）A.is the largest ocean in the worldB.is placidC.was first seen by man when Balboa looked at itD.was seen by Columbus(3).Balboa was _.（分数：2.00）A.mistaken for CortezB.a member of Magellans crewC.decapitatedD.slow and uncertain(4).The feeling described by Keats ma

13、y best be described as one of _.（分数：2.00）A.amazementB.silenceC.aweD.admirationThe range in frequencies of musical sounds is approximately 20-20,000 cycles per second (cy/sec). Some people can hear higher frequencies khan others. Longitudinal waves whose frequencies are higher than those within the a

14、udible range are called ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic frequencies are used in sonar for such purposes as submarine detection and depth finding. Ultrasonic frequencies are also being tried for sterilizing food since these frequencies kill some bacteria. Sound waves of all frequencies in the audi

15、ble range travel at the same speed in the same medium. In the audible range, the higher the frequency of the sound the higher is the pitch. The term supersonic refers to speed greater than sound. An airplane traveling at supersonic speed is moving at a speed greater than the speed of sound in air at

16、 that temperature. Mach 1 means a speed equal to that of sound. Mach 2 means a speed equal to twice that of sound, etc.Musical sounds have three basic characteristics: pitch, loudness, and quality or timbre. As was indicated above, pitch is determined largely by the frequency of the wave reaching th

17、e ear. The higher the frequency the higher is the pitch. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave reaching the ear. For a given frequency, the greater the amplitude of the wave the louder the sound. To discuss quality of sound we need to clarify the concept of overtones. Sounds are produced by

18、vibrating objects. If these objects are given a gentle push, they usually vibrate at one definite frequency producing a pure tone. This is the way a tuning fork is usually used. When objects vibrate freely after a force is momentarily applied, they are said to produce their natural frequency. Some o

19、bjects, like strings and air columns, can vibrate naturally at more than one frequency at a time. The lowest frequency which an object can produce when vibrating freely is known as the objects fundamental frequency. Other frequencies that the object can produce are known as its overtones. The qualit

20、y of a sound depends on the number and relative amplitude of the overtones present in the wave reaching the ear.（分数：8.00）(1).A soprano would probably have a frequency of _.（分数：2.00）A.200 cy/seeB.5,000 cy/secC.10,000 cy/secD.20,000 cy/sec(2).The timbre of a musical sound is dependent on its _.（分数：2.0

21、0）A.fundamentalB.amplitudeC.frequencyD.overtones(3).Which of the following individuals would likely use terms like Mach 5 or Mach 9?（分数：2.00）A.Jet pilot.B.Musician.C.Astronaut.D.Submarine navigator.(4).Ultrasonic frequencies are _.（分数：2.00）A.inaudibleB.excessively fastC.characterized by a great ampl

22、itudeD.death raysThere are exceptions to the rule of male insects being smaller than the females, and some of these exceptions are intelligible. Size and strength would be an advantage to the males which fight for the possession of the females, and in these cases, as with the stag-beetle (Lucanus),

23、the males are larger than the females. There are, however, other beetles which are not known to fight together, of which the males exceed the females in size, and the meaning of this fact is not known, but in some of these cases, as with the huge Dynastes and Megasoma, we can at least see that there

24、 would be no necessity for the males to be smaller than the females, in order to be matured before them, for these beetles are not short-lived, and there would be ample time for the pairing of the sexes.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, _.（分数：2.00）A.male insects are always smaller than femalesB.

25、in a given species nature provides differences between sexes to insure successful reproductionC.size and strength protect females from other femalesD.longevity is characteristic of the Dynastes and Megasoma(2).Where male beetles are smaller than female beetles, it is because _.（分数：2.00）A.they have t

26、o fight for their matesB.they are more intelligentC.they are ephemeral creaturesD.there is ample time for mating(3).The paragraph preceding this one probably _.（分数：2.00）A.discusses a generalization about the size of animalsB.develops the idea that male insects do not live long after maturityC.discus

27、ses male and female beetlesD.emphasizes that beetles are belligerent animals(4).The male Lucanus is particularly _.（分数：2.00）A.adaptableB.strongC.intelligentD.belligerentAgreeable to your request, I send you my reasons for thinking that our northeast storms in North America begin first, in point of t

28、ime, in the southwest parts: that is to say, the air in Georgia, the farthest of our colonies to the Southwest, begins to move southewesterly before the air of Carolina, begins to move southwesterly before the air of Carolina, which is the next colony northeastward. The air of Carolina has the same

29、motion before the air of Virginia, which lies still more northeastward, and so on northeasterly through Pennsylvania, New York, New England, the air next the chimney flows in to supply its place, moving towards the chimney. And, in consequence, the rest of the air successively, quite back to the doo

30、r. Thus to produce our northeast storms, I suppose some great heat and rarefaction of the air in or about the Gulf of Mexico. The air thence rising has its place supplied by the next more northern, cooler, and therefore denser and heavier, air. That being in motion is followed by the next more north

31、ern air, in a successive current, to which current our coast and inland ridge of mountains give the direction of northeast, as they lie N.E. and S. W.（分数：8.00）(1).Of the following, this passage was most likely written by _.（分数：2.00）A.a 19th-century meteorologistB.Sir Isaac NewtonC.Benjamin FranklinD

32、.an American pioneer(2).The authors account of northeastern storms _.（分数：2.00）A.is a good example of deductive reasoningB.draws inferences from observationsC.is based exclusively on evidence obtained by study and observationD.proves his theory conclusively(3).The references to the “great heat and ra

33、refaction of the air in or about the Gulf of Mexico“ provides an explanation of the storms _.（分数：2.00）A.intensityB.durationC.temperatureD.path(4).By “rarefaction“ of the air, the author means _.（分数：2.00）A.reduction of the density of the airB.purification of the airC.removal of oxygen from the airD.t

34、he rising of the air二、BPart English-(总题数：1，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese.21. UThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and a

35、ccumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call “civilization“, including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and th

36、e physical infrastructures on which society relies./U 22. UMost of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves

37、, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption./UIn the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described

38、by the statement that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny“-meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed fro

39、m a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. 23. UImplicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there w

40、ill ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects./USuch views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 t

41、he great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago: 24. UWhile it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles hav

42、e been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice The future truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals./U（分数：20.00）(1).（分数：5.00）_(2).（分数：5.

43、00）_(3).（分数：5.00）_(4).（分数：5.00）_三、BPart Chinese-(总题数：2，分数：20.00)1.1我们都相信人总是要死的，一盏烛光总有一天要熄灭的，我认为这感觉是好的。它使我们清醒，使我们悲哀，它也使某些人感到一些诗意。此外还有一层最为重要：它使我们能够坚定意志，去想过一种合理的、真实的生活，随时使我们感悟到自己的缺点。它也使我们心中安宁，因为一个人的心中有了那种接受恶劣遭遇的准备，才能够获得安宁。（分数：10.00）_2.2绝大多数人是不会把“欺骗”一词和科学联系在一起的。如今科学受到如此尊重，原因之一在于科学家的形象是一个冷静地收集数据、不带任何偏见、寻

44、找真理的人。在辩论中，不管谈的是关于智力、学校教育、偏见，还是能量，通常说一声“科学上是这么说的”，对方就不作声了。 但是，很久以来，科学界一直承认“欺骗因素”的存在，即许多科学家倾向于将数据加工以获取想要得到的结果。在当今科学界的几乎每一个有争议的领域，种族与智力的论战，核能的辩论等等，都可以见到这种倾向。 因此，我们既要倾听“科学”对事物的看法，又不能毫不怀疑地接受。（分数：10.00）_四、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.1人才外流是一种普遍的现象。 2分析人才外流的原因。 3请提出一些防止人才外流的建议。（分数：20.00）_考博英语-148 答案解析(总

45、分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：5，分数：40.00)BDirections:/B There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer

46、on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes.

47、In this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mysticetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. Although comparison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet