ISO 8965-2013 Logging industry - Technology - Terms and definitions《采伐工业 工艺 术语和定义》.pdf

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1、 ISO 2013 Logging industry Technology Terms and definitions Exploitation forestire Techniques Termes et dfinitions INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8965 Second edition 2013-10-15 Reference number ISO 8965:2013(E/R) ISO 8965:2013(E/R)ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 Th

2、e reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, in- struction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are: that no modifications are

3、made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document. With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced o

4、r utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior writ- ten permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. , ,

5、 , , , . : ; , ; . , , , , , , . , , - , . ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland/Oeaao ea ISO 8965:2013(E/R)Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 General te

6、rms 1 3 Terms relating to technological processes and operations . 7 Bibliography .13 ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ iii ISO 8965:2013(E/R) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of prepari

7、ng International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in lia

8、ison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Di

9、rectives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that

10、 some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent dec

11、larations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as informatio

12、n about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 218, Timber. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 896

13、5:1987), which has been technically revised. The definitions of more than 60 new terms have been added.iv ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ ISO 8965:2013(E/R) Introduction The main purpose of this International Standard is to establish international terms and their definitions used in contemporary techn

14、ological processes of the logging industry, to provide terminological unity and comparability of scientific and technical information. This International Standard is addressed not only to the standardizers and terminologists in forestry, but to anyone involved in terminology work, as well as to the

15、users of different terminologies. The terms established in this International Standard are listed in a systematic order, reflecting a system concept in the field of logging industry standardization. For each concept, one standardized term has been established. Admissible terms/synonyms are given as

16、informative data and are not standardized. ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ v Logging industry Technology Terms and definitions 1 Scope This International Standard defines terms relating to technological operations in the logging industry. NOTE 1 ISO 6814 gives terms and definitions related to mobile a

17、nd self-propelled machinery used in forestry. NOTE 2 ISO 24294 gives terms and definitions related to round and sawn timber. 2 General terms 2.1 blowdown tree(s) that is (are) uprooted (2.2) or broken off by wind 2.2 uprooted blown over as a result of wind, complete with root ball 2.3 operating timb

18、er reserve volume of round timber (2.11) necessary to maintain an uninterrupted flow of work Note 1 to entry: It can include storage placed at a hauling route (2.41) or on a processing yard (2.16), or some combination thereof. 2.4 logging industry sector of the forest industry engaged in logging (2.

19、6), cutting (3.30), skidding (3.35), hauling (3.8) and other primary processing (2.38) activities Note 1 to entry: In French, the term is also used for companies engaged in these operations. 2.5 logging technology set of working consecutive operations aimed to obtain forest products 2.6 logging harv

20、esting cutting (3.30) of trees and round timber (2.11) with skidding (3.35) and hauling (3.8) operations to processing yard (2.16) 2.7 cut-to-length harvesting system harvesting (2.6) system in which trees undergo delimbing (3.15) and bucking (3.31) into sorted piles (2.51) at the stump (2.37), prio

21、r to subsequent skidding (3.35) to the landing (2.14) or forwarding (3.37) to processing yard (2.16) 2.8 tree-length harvesting system harvesting (2.6) system in which the complete tree-length (2.49) are skidded from the stump (2.37) to the landing (2.14), where they usually undergo bucking (3.31) i

22、nto smaller logs, in preparation for loading and hauling (3.8) INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 8965:2013(E/R) ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ 1 ISO 8965:2013(E/R) 2.9 full-tree harvesting system whole-tree harvesting system total-tree harvesting system harvesting (2.6) system in which trees are cut and sk

23、idded to the landing (2.14) before any processing topping and delimbing (3.15) takes place Note 1 to entry: This system is characteristic of highly mechanized harvesting operations, and is restricted to small timber because of the difficulty of handling large pieces without causing excessive soil di

24、sturbance or damage to machinery or timber. 2.10 ground-based harvesting system harvesting (2.6) system that employs ground-based equipment, such as feller-bunchers, skidders (2.44) and forwarders (2.45) 2.11 round timber felled tree crosscut at the top, with all branches removed, that may or may no

25、t have been further crosscut Note 1 to entry: Generally excluding firewood. SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.11 2.12 grade measure of log quality Note 1 to entry: It is used for scaling and is usually expressed using numeric or alphabetic characters. Note 2 to entry: The term “log” is defined in ISO 24294:

26、2013, 4.11.2. 2.13 buffer strip green strip leave strip streamside management zone strip of forest land where cutting (3.30) has not occurred or is not allowed, located either between cutting units (2.23) or adjacent to another resource Note 1 to entry: Other resources can include lakes, streams, pa

27、rks and roads. 2.14 landing cleared area on forest land to which trees, tree-length (2.49) or logs are stored, where they are sorted, further processed, and piled for further loading on transport 2.15 transfer yard permanent or semi-permanent area in which loads of log are stored for reloading from

28、one transport to another 2.16 processing yard landing (2.14) equipped for primary processing of wood raw material (2.38), and storage, loading and/or floating of tree-length (2.49) and logs, and for utilization of logging wood-waste (3.24) 2.17 upper processing yard processing yard (2.16), located o

29、n the cutting unit (2.23) at a hauling route (2.41)2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ ISO 8965:2013(E/R) 2.18 lower processing yard processing yard (2.16), located at the joint of hauling route (2.41) with the public road 2.19 intermediate processing yard processing yard (2.16), located at the hauling

30、route (2.41) and intended for placing of operating timber reserve (2.3) 2.20 clearcutting final harvesting (2.6) when an entire stand of cutting unit (2.23) is cut in one motion Note 1 to entry: Clearcutting may be done in blocks, strips, or patches. Note 2 to entry: In the USA, sometimes the harves

31、ting on a clearcut is limited to a minimum size of tree, i.e. not less than 102 mm (4”). 2.21 strip cutting removal of the forest in strips in more than one operation, generally for encouraging natural regeneration or protecting fragile sites Note 1 to entry: Strip cutting is considered to be a vari

32、ation of clearcutting (2.20). 2.22 selective logging harvesting (2.6) system in which some trees of certain ages, sizes, value or condition are cut from time to time for special utilization 2.23 cutting unit specific area of timber (forest land) designated for logging (2.6) and is limited by sight o

33、r natural boundary 2.24 cutting allotment allotment part of the cutting unit (2.23), that is limited in size 2.25 cutover logged-over area cutting unit (2.23) or its part where standing timber has been harvested through clearcutting (2.20) or selective logging (2.22) and young growth has not yet for

34、med a close canopy Note 1 to entry: The term “timber” is defined in ISO 24294:2013, 3.2. 2.26 cutting unit work complex of basic technological and transfer operations, preparatory and auxiliary operations on the cutting unit (2.23) Note 1 to entry: Preparatory operations include removal of dangerous

35、 trees (2.33), marking and equipping of a complex of tracks, landings (2.14), and workshop sites which are necessary for carrying out of basic operations in the cutting unit (2.23). Note 2 to entry: Basic operations include felling (3.1), bunching (3.23) of felled trees, delimbing (3.15) and loading

36、 of trees or tree-lengths (2.49), and in the case of a cut-to-length harvesting system (2.7) or technological chipping, they include bucking (3.31), grading (3.34), stacking (3.47), chipping (3.9) and loading. Note 3 to entry: Auxiliary operations include operations on maintenance of logging machine

37、s, on providing with combustive-lubricating materials and consumer services of forest workers. ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ 3 ISO 8965:2013(E/R) 2.27 allowable cut volume of timber (wood) allocated for harvesting (2.6) from a forest tract/timber supply block (2.28) over a specific period Note 1 to

38、entry: It is usually expressed as cubic metres of wood per unit of time. Note 2 to entry: In Canada, the term “allowable annual cut” is used to designate the allowed volume that can be harvested in a single year from a specific timber supply area. 2.28 forest tract timber supply block part of a merc

39、hantable volume, attached to a logging enterprise for the target term 2.29 merchantable volume amount of sound wood in a single tree or stand that is suitable for marketing under given economic conditions 2.30 gross merchantable volume merchantable volume (2.29) of the main stem (2.47), excluding st

40、ump (2.37) and top, but including defective and decayed timber (wood) Note 1 to entry: It can be applied to either a single tree or a stand of trees. 2.31 net merchantable volume merchantable volume (2.29) of the main stem (2.47), excluding stump (2.37) and top as well as defective and decayed timbe

41、r (wood) Note 1 to entry: It can be applied to either a single tree or a stand of trees. 2.32 enrichment of workshop site provisioning of workshop site with technological equipment and extinguishing devices, their allocation on the cutting unit (2.23), and installation of communication facilities an

42、d arranging of the fire prevention mineralized zone 2.33 dangerous tree tree that is hazardous because of location or lean, physical damage, overhead hazards, deterioration of the limbs, stem (2.47) or root system, or any combination EXAMPLE Culls; deadman; windfall; stub. 2.34 round timber and/or t

43、ree-length bundle bundle round timber (2.11) or tree-length (2.49) of specific form and sizes, evenly placed and bundled together with binder, container or other packaging means 2.35 cutting strip part of cutting allotment (2.24) from which felled trees or tree-lengths (2.49) are transferred by a si

44、ngle hauling route (2.41) 2.36 round timber and/or tree-length bunch bunch round timber (2.11) or tree-lengths (2.49) gathered together to form a load for subsequent skidding (3.35), yarding or other form of processing4 ISO 2013 All rights reserved/ ISO 8965:2013(E/R) 2.37 stump portion (base) of th

45、e tree that remains above and below ground after felling (3.1) SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.7, modified 2.38 primary processing of wood raw material primary processing mechanical processing of trees, tree-lengths (2.49) and round timber (2.11), including delimbing (3.15), bucking (3.31), grading (3.34), and removal of rot and foliage, and debarking (3.16), if any 2.39 butt damage vertical split of a stem (2.47) at the b