IEC 62006-2010 Hydraulic machines - Acceptance tests of small hydroelectric installations《液压机.小型水力发电装置的验收试验》.pdf

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1、 IEC 62006 Edition 1.0 2010-10 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Hydraulic machines Acceptance tests of small hydroelectric installations Machines hydrauliques Essais de rception des petits amnagements hydrolectriques IEC 62006:2010 colour inside THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Cop

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16、 +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC 62006 Edition 1.0 2010-10 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Hydraulic machines Acceptance tests of small hydroelectric installations Machines hydrauliques Essais de rception des petits amnagements hydrolectriques INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL CO

17、MMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE XE ICS 27.140 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-88912-228-8 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale colour inside 2 62006 IEC:2010 CONTENTS FOREWORD.7 1 Scope

18、.9 2 Normative references .9 3 Terms, definitions and schematic layout .10 3.1 Terms and definitions 10 3.2 Schematic layout of a hydroelectric installation .10 4 Nature and extent of guarantees.11 4.1 Grouping of classes A, B, C.11 4.1.1 General .11 4.1.2 Contract conditions13 4.2 Scope of performa

19、nce guarantee.13 4.2.1 General .13 4.2.2 Class A: Maximum power output13 4.2.3 Class B: Index test 13 4.2.4 Class C: Turbine efficiency13 4.2.5 Interpretation of losses 13 4.3 Scope of tests .14 4.3.1 Safety tests .14 4.3.2 Trial run and reliability tests.14 4.3.3 Performance test .14 4.4 Aptitude.1

20、5 4.5 Warranty .15 5 Safety tests (commissioning)16 5.1 Pre-start tests .16 5.2 Closing devices.16 5.2.1 General .16 5.2.2 Intake gate or valve.17 5.2.3 Turbine inlet valve .17 5.2.4 Guide vanes (Francis and Kaplan turbines) .17 5.2.5 Needle valve and deflector (Pelton and Turgo turbines).18 5.3 Fir

21、st run operation and control.19 5.4 Bearing run at rated speed 19 5.5 Emergency shutdown (no load) .20 5.6 Electrical protection.20 5.7 Overspeed test21 5.8 Runaway test 21 5.9 Overpressure, emergency trip and load rejection tests 22 5.9.1 General conditions 22 5.9.2 Testing the guide vanes or needl

22、e valves 23 5.9.3 Testing the turbine inlet valve23 5.9.4 Testing the pressure relief valve23 5.9.5 Pressure rise.23 5.10 Measured quantities 25 5.10.1 Pressure25 5.10.2 Speed25 5.10.3 Control components.25 62006 IEC:2010 3 6 Trial operating and reliability tests (commissioning)25 6.1 General .25 6.

23、2 Temperature stability of rotating parts .25 6.2.1 General .25 6.2.2 Temperature guarantees .26 6.3 Speed controller system 26 6.3.1 General .26 6.3.2 Unit operating without regulation .26 6.3.3 Unit operating with a speed governor.27 6.3.4 Unit operating with a voltage governor.28 6.3.5 Unit opera

24、ting with a controller 28 6.3.6 Measurements when testing the control system.28 6.4 Control of cam correlation .29 7 Performance guarantees and tests .29 7.1 General .29 7.2 Maximum generator (transformer) power output as a function of net head .30 7.2.1 Guarantee .30 7.2.2 Instrumentation30 7.3 Ind

25、ex test 30 7.3.1 General .30 7.3.2 Index discharge measurement.31 7.3.3 Shape control 31 7.3.4 Index plant efficiency.32 7.3.5 Optimizing cam correlation 33 7.4 Turbine efficiency33 7.4.1 Efficiency test by absolute discharge measurement.33 7.4.2 Efficiency test by thermodynamic method 34 7.5 Correc

26、ting the efficiency using the model curve.34 8 Computation of results and comparison to the guarantee36 8.1 General .36 8.1.1 Site data36 8.1.2 Measured values (readings) 36 8.1.3 Scale effect due to water temperature .37 8.1.4 Shifting of the plant characteristic37 8.2 Power output.37 8.2.1 Plant p

27、ower output measurement .37 8.2.2 Generator power output measurement.38 8.2.3 Turbine power output measurement.38 8.3 Relative turbine efficiency (index test).38 8.3.1 General .38 8.3.2 Relative discharge.38 8.3.3 Guarantee of the shape of the plant characteristics .39 8.3.4 Relative index plant eff

28、iciency .40 8.4 Absolute turbine efficiency 40 8.4.1 General .40 8.4.2 Absolute discharge40 8.4.3 Guarantee of the plant efficiency and comparison to the results 40 9 Error analysis .40 4 62006 IEC:2010 9.1 General .40 9.2 Estimation of systematic (bias) uncertainties .41 9.2.1 General .41 9.2.2 Typ

29、ical systematic uncertainties 41 9.2.3 Systematic uncertainty for turbines used to indicate discharge 42 9.3 Estimation of random (precision) uncertainties 42 9.3.1 Measurement at a single operation point .42 9.3.2 Measurement over a range of operating condition .44 9.4 Evaluation of the uncertainti

30、es 45 9.4.1 General .45 9.4.2 Head .45 9.4.3 Power output .47 9.4.4 Index test measurement 49 9.4.5 Efficiency test by absolute discharge measurement.51 9.4.6 Efficiency test by the thermodynamic method 51 10 Other guarantees .51 10.1 Cavitation51 10.1.1 General .51 10.1.2 Measurement methods 52 10.

31、1.3 Comparison with specified guarantees.52 10.2 Noise 53 10.2.1 General .53 10.2.2 Measurement methods 53 10.2.3 Comparison with specified guarantees.54 10.3 Vibration54 10.3.1 General .54 10.3.2 Measurements and measurement methods54 10.3.3 Comparison with specified guarantees.55 Annex A (normativ

32、e) Terms, definitions, symbols and units56 Annex B (normative) Head definition64 Annex C (normative) Method of speed measurements .77 Annex D (normative) Power output measurement 78 Annex E (normative) Methods of discharge measurement82 Annex F (informative) Plant condition 95 Annex G (informative)

33、Commissioning .97 Annex H (informative) Performance test efficiency calculation .99 Annex I (informative) Cam correlation test .106 Bibliography109 Figure 1 Schematic layout of a hydroelectric installation (water to wire system).11 Figure 2 Warranty period .16 Figure 3 Vanes and blades servomotors f

34、orce measurements (Kaplan on line) 17 Figure 4 Evaluation of the guide vane (GV) closing characteristic 18 Figure 5 Needle servomotor force 18 Figure 6 Automatic start Synchronization No load test (Kaplan turbine)19 Figure 7 Emergency shutdown from no load test (Kaplan turbine) 20 62006 IEC:2010 5 F

35、igure 8 Runaway test (Kaplan turbine) .21 Figure 9 Emergency shutdown due to an electrical fault.22 Figure 10 Emergency shutdown due to a mechanical fault .23 Figure 11 Emergency shutdown due to the governor failure .24 Figure 12 Evaluation of the maximum overpressure .24 Figure 13 Temperature stabi

36、lity, recording at no load up to stable conditions.26 Figure 14 Speed governor check at no load .27 Figure 15 Maximum power output: procedure to compare measured power output at actual net head to the guarantee.30 Figure 16 Comparison of the shape of the turbine characteristic to the guarantee32 Fig

37、ure 17 Example of an optimized switch band for 1 and 2 turbine operation33 Figure 18 Efficiency test: procedure to compare guaranteed turbine efficiency to the prototype measurement results, including the overall uncertainties.34 Figure 19 Hill chart Showing head loss examples with one and two units

38、 in operation using the same penstock.35 Figure 20 Shifting of the performance curves.37 Figure 21 Variation of factor k and exponent x on turbine index efficiency39 Figure 22 Random uncertainties of a single operation point, example for penstock pressure variation and fluctuation .43 Figure 23 Dete

39、ction of outlier errors: example to find out offset and reading errors by plotting in linear and logarithmic form with the same data.44 Figure 24 Example of scattered points with function of second order .44 Figure 25 Scattered points smoothed by individual fitting on adjacent sections 45 Figure 26

40、Overall uncertainty of head for free water level for low head turbines.46 Figure 27 Overall uncertainty of head in a closed conduit 47 Figure 28 Estimated overall uncertainties of the discharge by index measurement versus full scale differential pressure50 Figure 29 Operation range and cavitation li

41、mits .52 Figure A.1 Transient pressure fluctuation at the turbine high pressure reference section, when a specified load is suddenly rejected 61 Figure A.2 Transient pressure fluctuation at the turbine high pressure reference section, when a specified load is suddenly accepted.62 Figure B.1 High pre

42、ssure reference and measuring sections65 Figure B.2 Measuring section at tail water66 Figure B.3 Measuring section at draft tube.66 Figure B.4 Definition of measuring sections .67 Figure B.5 Kaplan turbine with horizontal shaft 68 Figure B.6 Kaplan turbine with vertical shaft 68 Figure B.7 Francis o

43、pen flume turbine with vertical shaft .69 Figure B.8 Francis turbine with horizontal shaft69 Figure B.9 Francis turbine with vertical shaft, with stagnation probe 70 Figure B.10 Francis turbine with horizontal shaft with pressure on suction side70 Figure B.11 Pelton turbine with horizontal shaft .71

44、 Figure B.12 Pelton turbine with vertical shaft .71 Figure B.13 Turgo turbine with horizontal shaft 72 Figure B.14 Turgo turbine with vertical shaft 72 6 62006 IEC:2010 Figure B.15 Crossflow turbine with horizontal shaft, with draft tube73 Figure B.16 Crossflow turbine with horizontal shaft, without

45、 draft tube.73 Figure B.17 Specifications for static pressure taps.74 Figure B.18 Example: discharge versus guide vane opening76 Figure C.1 Overspeed and runaway.77 Figure D.1 Typical losses of a synchronous generator .79 Figure D.2 Asynchronous generator: typical power factor and slip factor80 Figu

46、re D.3 Power measurement using the two wattmeter method.80 Figure D.4 Power measurement using the three wattmeter method81 Figure E.1 Typical arrangements of acoustic transducers 84 Figure E.2 Arrangement for pressure time method .85 Figure E.3 Example of pressure-time diagram for a uniform conduit.

47、86 Figure E.4 Example of pressure-time diagram for a non-uniform conduit86 Figure E.5 Example of pressure-time diagram for a combination of uniform and non- uniform conduits between several sections .87 Figure E.6 Location of taps for differential pressure method of discharge measurement93 Figure E.

48、7 Location of taps for differential pressure measurement of discharge in a bulb turbine 93 Figure E.8 Location of taps for Winter-Kennedy method of discharge measurement through a turbine equipped with a steel spiral case.94 Figure H.1 Comparison of measured index efficiency with the guaranteed valu

49、es .105 Figure I.1 Index measurement to optimize the efficiency107 Figure I.2 Two dimensional cam correlation .108 Table 1 Scope of classes A, B, and C 12 Table 2 Maximum runaway speeds (n run ) expressed as a percentage of rated speed21 Table 3 Performance test parameters 29 Table 4 Index discharge measurement m