ITU-R REPORT SM 2158-2-2011 Impact of power line telecommunication systems on radiocommunication systems operating in the LF MF HF and VHF bands below 80 MHz《80 HZ频段下低频(LF) 中频(MF) .pdf

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1、 Report ITU-R SM.2158-2(06/2011)Impact of power line telecommunication systems on radiocommunication systems operating in the LF, MF, HF andVHF bands below 80 MHzSM SeriesSpectrum managementii Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitabl

2、e, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Se

3、ctor are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution IT

4、U-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database

5、can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobi

6、le, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum mana

7、gement Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. R

8、ep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2158-2 Impact of power line telecommunication systems on radiocommunication systems operating in the LF, MF, HF and VHF bands below 80 MHz*, *, *(Question ITU-R 221/1) (2009-2010-2011) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Data communication over electrica

9、l power lines 9 2 Fundamental elements related with radio-frequency radiations from PLT systems 10 2.1 Introduction . 10 2.2 Differential-mode and common-mode currents 10 2.3 Generation of common-mode current . 11 2.4 Folded-dipole antenna effect of a switch branch 12 2.5 Shielding effectiveness of

10、exterior walls of a house 12 2.6 Leakage from an in-house power line to service wires outside the house 12 3 Radio system characteristics, protection criteria, and impact of PLT systems on radiocommunication systems . 13 3.1 Broadcasting . 13 3.1.1 General characteristics of analogue LF, MF and HF b

11、roadcasting 13 3.1.1.1 Bandwidth 13 3.1.1.2 Receiver noise 13 3.1.1.3 Minimum usable field strength 13 3.1.1.4 Protection ratios . 14 *The Administration of Japan reserves its position on this Report, pending further contributions on specific issues to be submitted at the next meeting(s) of Working

12、Party 1A. *The Administration of Syrian Arab Republic reserves its position on this Report. *See also Report ITU-R SM.2157. 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 Page 3.1.2 General characteristics of DRM digital LF, MF and HF broadcasting 14 3.1.2.1 DRM robustness modes . 15 3.1.2.2 Spectrum occupancy types 15 3.1

13、.2.3 Modulation and protection levels 15 3.1.2.4 Receiver noise 15 3.1.2.5 Minimum usable field strength 16 3.1.2.6 Required signal-to-noise ratios for DRM reception 16 3.1.3 LF, MF, HF and VHF radio broadcasting frequency ranges . 17 3.1.4 Protection criteria and acceptable interference 18 3.1.4.1

14、Recommendations ITU-R BS.1786 and ITU-R BT.1786 Criterion to assess the impact of interference to the terrestrial broadcasting service 18 3.1.4.2 Recommendation ITU-R BS.560-4 Radio-frequency protection ratios in LF, MF, and HF broadcasting 18 3.1.4.3 Recommendation ITU-R BS.703 Characteristics of A

15、M sound broadcasting reference receivers for planning purposes . 18 3.1.4.4 Report ITU-R BS.1058 Minimum AF and RF signal-to-noise ratio required for broadcasting in band 7 (HF) 19 3.1.4.5 Annex 2 to Recommendation ITU-R BS.1615 “Planning parameters” for digital sound broadcasting at frequencies bel

16、ow 30 MHz RF protection ratios for DSB (DRM system) at frequencies below 30 MHz 19 3.1.4.6 Derivation of acceptable range of field strength incident from the wired telecommunication systems 19 3.1.4.7 Receiver noise level and acceptable interference level . 19 3.1.4.8 Equivalent field strength of re

17、ceiver noise 20 3.1.4.9 External noise 21 3.1.4.10 Permissible interference field strength 22 3.1.4.11 Protection criteria for the broadcast service 22 3.2 Amateur and amateur satellite 24 3.2.1 General characteristics . 24 3.2.1.1 Operational characteristics 25 3.2.2 Amateur frequency allocations 2

18、5 3.2.3 The protection requirements of the HF amateur radio service . 25 3.2.3.1 Fade margin and the 0.5 dB protection criterion of HF amateur radio . 25 3.2.3.2 The noise floor in amateur radio bands . 26 3.2.3.3 Acceptable noise floor levels . 27 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 3 Page 3.3 Aeronautical mobile

19、 and radionavigation . 27 3.3.1 Results 29 3.4 General protection criteria considerations HF fixed and land mobile 31 3.4.1 Protection criteria and protection requirement . 31 3.4.1.1 Protection criteria 31 3.4.1.2 Protection requirement 32 3.4.2 A possible protection criteria . 32 3.4.3 Automatic l

20、ink establishment systems . 32 3.5 Maritime mobile . 32 3.5.1 Background 32 3.5.2 Frequencies allocated for maritime communications 33 3.5.3 Receiver parameters for the maritime mobile service in MF and HF bands 35 3.5.3.1 NAVTEX receivers 424, 490 and 518 kHz 35 3.5.3.2 Maritime MF/HF receivers 35

21、3.5.4 Hyperbolic radionavigation systems 37 3.5.5 LF/MF maritime radionavigation beacons . 37 3.6 Radiolocation 37 3.6.1 Oceanographic radar systems in the bands 3-50 MHz . 37 3.6.2 System characteristics 37 3.7 Fixed . 39 3.7.1 Fixed system characteristics . 39 3.7.2 Protection criteria . 39 3.8 Ra

22、dio astronomy . 39 3.9 Standard frequency and time 40 4 Potential means for preventing or eliminating interference . 41 4.1 Mitigation factors and methods for power line communications . 41 4.1.1 Attenuation of conducted signals . 41 4.1.2 Frequency band exclusions 42 4.1.3 Geographical exclusion zo

23、nes 42 4.1.4 Consultation area requirements 42 4.1.5 Adaptive interference techniques . 43 4.1.6 Interference complaint procedures . 43 4.1.7 PLT operator database . 44 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 Page 4.2 Studies of mitigation techniques . 44 4.2.1 Study of mitigation techniques in Brazil 44 4.2.1.1 Int

24、roduction and general information 44 4.2.1.2 Test configuration 44 4.2.1.3 Notch filters . 46 4.2.1.4 Power reduction . 47 4.2.1.5 Conclusion . 47 4.2.2 Intermodulation effects on the depth of spectrum notches in PLT systems . 47 4.2.2.1 Measurement technique . 47 4.2.2.2 Results . 48 4.2.2.3 Conclu

25、sions . 51 5 Overall conclusions 51 Annex 1 Noise, radiation and propagation considerations . 51 A1 Noise, radiation and propagation considerations 51 A1.1 Noise level in the HF band . 51 A1.1.1 The ambient noise environment . 51 A1.1.2 Measuring the ambient noise floor . 52 A1.1.3 Determination of

26、the noise level 53 A1.1.3.1 Thermal, man-made, cosmic and atmospheric noise levels 53 A1.1.3.2 Updated noise measurements for Europe 55 A1.2 Propagation mechanisms 57 A1.2.1 Near-field and ground-wave propagation 57 A1.2.2 Sky wave propagation 57 A1.2.3 Examples of propagation calculations and studi

27、es. 58 Annex 2 Analyses of potential interference 59 A2 Analyses of potential interference 59 A2.1 A modelling analysis for the radio astronomy service . 59 A2.1.1 Uses of HF bands by the RAS . 59 A2.1.2 Separation distances between a RA antenna and a PLT system in the HF region . 60 A2.1.2.1 The PL

28、T system used for the study . 60 A2.1.2.2 Calculations . 61 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 5 Page A2.1.3 Discussion 63 A2.1.3.1 Multiple PLT systems 63 A2.1.3.2 Diffraction propagation . 63 A2.1.3.3 Reduction of leaked emission from the PLT system . 63 A2.1.3.4 Radiation at higher frequencies . 63 A2.1.4 Conc

29、lusions 64 A2.2 Overview of power line telecommunication systems interference to the broadcasting service 64 A2.2.1 Introduction 64 A2.2.2 Interference effects into low VHF television . 65 A2.2.3 Interference effects into the HF band . 68 A2.2.4 Summary and conclusions . 72 A2.3 Effects of interfere

30、nce from PLT into the broadcasting service below 30 MHz 72 A2.4 Methodology for calculation of cumulative HF skywave interference from power line telecommunication systems . 72 A2.4.1 Governmental skywave interference example into Winnipeg, Canada 73 A2.4.1.1 Introduction . 73 A2.4.1.2 Method of cal

31、culation for cumulative HF skywave interference from PLT systems 73 A2.4.1.3 Cumulative PLT tool . 75 A2.4.1.4 Cumulative PLT tool Instructions on use . 75 A2.4.1.5 Calculation of HF radio noise from PLT systems . 78 A2.4.1.6 Wire-line system antenna gain 82 A2.4.1.7 Current PLT market penetration e

32、stimation 82 A2.4.1.8 Conclusions . 82 A2.4.2 NTIA study on ionospheric propagation and aggregation of Access PLT emissions 82 A2.4.2.1 Introduction . 82 A2.4.2.2 Analytical modeling of sky wave propagation 83 A2.4.2.3 Simulation characteristics 89 A2.4.2.4 Simulation results 91 A2.4.2.5 Maps of Ion

33、ospheric Aggregation . 93 A2.4.2.6 Summary 100 A2.4.3 Results on calculation of cumulative HF sky-wave interference caused by power line telecommunication systems 101 A2.4.3.1 Introduction . 101 A2.4.3.2 Calculation of the cumulative PLT sky-wave field . 101 A2.4.3.3 Calculation results . 104 6 Rep.

34、 ITU-R SM.2158-2 Page A2.4.4 Compatibility study results between the radio astronomy observations in the HF band and cumulative HF sky-wave interference caused by in-house power line telecommunication systems . 109 A2.4.4.1 Introduction . 109 A2.4.4.2 Calculation results . 109 A2.4.4.3 Possible miti

35、gation measures for protecting the radio astronomy service in the HF band . 109 A2.5 Experimental results of the subjective assessment test on HF analogue broadcast reception interfered with by PLT . 109 A2.5.1 Test methods 110 A2.5.1.1 Acquisition of audio samples 110 A2.5.1.2 Subjective assessment

36、 test . 110 A2.5.2 Test results . 114 A2.5.3 Test equipment . 117 A2.6 Compatibility analysis regarding protection requirements of HF aeronautical mobile radio in relation to PLT in-house devices . 117 A2.6.1 Introduction 117 A2.6.2 Study assumptions 118 A2.6.3 Compatibility model/geometrical comput

37、ation . 119 A2.6.4 Evaluation threshold for the aeronautical radio . 120 A2.6.5 Results of the analysis 121 A2.6.6 Other determinants . 123 A2.6.7 Requirements toward PLT devices for protecting the HF aeronautical mobile service 123 Annex 3 Radio frequency emissions from PLT systems 123 A3 Radio fre

38、quency emissions from PLT systems 123 A3.1 Measurement of access PLT non intentional radiated RF levels on HF bands 123 A3.1.1 Introduction 123 A3.1.2 Objective 124 A3.1.3 Interference concept . 124 A3.1.4 Test description 124 A3.1.5 Comments 126 A3.1.6 Possible mitigation technique 126 A3.1.7 Concl

39、usions 127 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 7 Page A3.2 Measurements of the radiated emissions from in-house power line telecommunications devices into the residential environment in Canada 127 A3.2.1 Introduction 127 A3.2.2 Conducted power measurement Test procedure and results . 127 A3.2.3 Field strength meas

40、urements Procedure and results . 132 A3.2.4 Conclusions 138 A3.3 Measurement results of the radiated emissions from in-house power line telecommunications systems into the residential environment in the test conducted in Japan 138 A3.3.1 Introduction 138 A3.3.2 Measurement method . 139 A3.3.3 Condit

41、ion of PLT communication . 139 A3.3.4 Measurement result 141 A3.4 Measurement results of leaked emissions by access PLT system in the HF and the UHF bands 144 A3.4.1 Introduction 144 A3.4.2 Field experiment at Mt. Akagi, Japan, in July 23, 2002 144 A3.4.3 Leaked emissions in the HF band 146 A3.4.4 S

42、purious emission in the UHF band 148 A3.4.5 Comparison of the PLT noise level with Recommendation ITU-R RA.769 at 327 MHz . 150 A3.4.6 Conclusions 151 A3.5 Distance separation measurements . 151 A3.5.1 Distance separation measurements in Brazil . 151 A3.5.2 Distance separation measurements in Canada

43、 . 152 A3.5.3 Distance dependence of the leaked electric field caused by in-house PLT systems separation measurement in Japan . 152 A3.5.3.1 Introduction . 152 A3.5.3.2 Measurement . 153 A3.5.3.3 Measured data 155 A3.5.3.4 Derivation of the distance dependence 163 A3.5.3.5 Summary 163 8 Rep. ITU-R S

44、M.2158-2 Page A3.6 Impact on radioastronomy observations by leaked radiation caused by in-house PLT systems . 164 A3.6.1 Introduction 164 A3.6.2 Radio noise environment at the measurement location . 165 A3.6.3 Measurement 165 A3.6.4 Measured data 167 A3.6.5 Assessment of the PLT disturbance through

45、comparison with Rec. ITU-R RA.769 . 171 A3.6.6 Mitigation of PLT disturbance against radio-astronomy observations in the HF band 171 A3.6.7 Conclusions 172 Appendix 1 to Annex 3 Measurements of EM radiation from in-house PLT devices operating in a residential environment Field Test Report . 172 Anne

46、x 4 Design examples of PLT technology . 173 A4 Design examples of PLT technology . 173 A4.1 Examples of a PLT network topology 173 A4.2 General design considerations 174 A4.2.1 Media access control 174 A4.2.2 Repeaters 174 A4.2.3 Multiplexing and multiple access approaches . 174 A4.2.4 Distance 175

47、A4.3 PLT network architectures on MV distribution lines . 175 A4.4 PLT network architectures on low voltage distribution lines . 175 A4.4.1 Low density PLT network topology 176 A4.4.2 High density PLT network topologies . 177 A4.4.3 PLT star network topology 177 A4.4.4 PLT tree network topology 177

48、A4.4.5 PLT multi-floor network topology . 177 Rep. ITU-R SM.2158-2 9 1 Introduction As part of the studies on the compatibility between radiocommunication systems and high data rate telecommunication systems using electricity power supply or telephone distribution wiring (Question ITU-R 221/1), this

49、 Report covers the use of the radio spectrum and associated protection requirements of radiocommunication services in respect to impact of power line telecommunications (PLT). PLT systems make use of radio frequency signals applied on the power lines used for the distribution of mains electricity. Because electrical power lines are not designed for the transmission of high data rate signals, PLT signals on electrical power lines have the p