AWWA B550-2010 Calcium Chloride《氯化钙》.pdf

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1、ANSI/AWWA B550-10 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B550-05) AWWA Standard Effective date: Aug. 1, 2010. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 23, 1985. This edition approved Jan. 17, 2010. Approved by American National Standards Institute June 14, 2010. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denver

2、, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterCalcium Chloride Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Wate

3、r Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user

4、of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirel

5、y voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. Wh

6、en AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American

7、 National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ameri- can National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard do

8、es not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to o

9、btain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertis- ing and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standard

10、s. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffir

11、m, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 1003

12、6; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quota

13、tions for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2010 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemic

14、als, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Clyde R. Dugan, Chair General Interest Members R.J. Casale,* American Water, Voorhees, N.J. (AWWA) W.J. Conlon, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Tampa, Fla. (AWWA) T.O. Crowley, Carollo Engineers, Lees Summit,

15、Mo. (AWWA) S.J. Posavec,* Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) M.H. Winegard, Consoer Townsend Envirodyne, Wheaton, Ill. (AWWA) Producer Members J. Althouse, Dow Chemical Company, Ludington, Mich. (AWWA) E.W. Coyner, National Lime Association, Arlington, Va. (AWWA) W.B. Huebner, Mine

16、Hill, N.J. (AWWA) J.M. Shepard, Middletown, Del. (AWWA) User Members I. Alvarez, John Preston Water Plant, Hialeah, Fla. (AWWA) C.R. Dugan, Bath, Mich. (AWWA) P.M. Marchand, Providence Water Supply Board, Providence, R.I. (AWWA) G.C. Rosati, City of Mankato Public Utilities, Mankato, Minn. (AWWA) A.

17、T. Segars, MiamiDade Water & Sewer Department, Hialeah, Fla. (AWWA) J.C. Thurrott, City of Daytona Beach, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) D.A. Visintainer, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA) B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Alternate Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rig

18、hts Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Bac

19、kground . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Issues ix II.A Storage and Handling Precautions . ix III Use of This Standard ix III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives ix III.B Modification to Standard x IV Major Revisions . x V Comments x Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1

20、 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Materials . 3 4.2 Physical Requirements . 3 4.3 Chemical Requirements 3 4.4 Impurities 4 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 4 5.2 Test Procedures . 5 5.3 Notice of Nonconformance . 7 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 8 6.2 Packaging and Shipping

21、 8 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 10 SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*

22、/AWWA B550. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Calcium chloride, CaCl 2 , is produced in various states of hydration, all of which are highly deliquescent (that is, they dissolve in the water absorbed). It is obtained commercially from natural brines as a by-product of soda ash manufacture or by the

23、reaction of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride is used in water treatment as a source of soluble calcium where its addition is needed but a substantial increase in pH or alkalinity is undesirable. It can also be used to increase the calcium ion concentration in waters with hig

24、h alkalinity and high sodium ion content or in waters with acceptable magnesium ion concentra- tions and high alkalinities. These waters can then be softened by the addition of lime, therefore reducing the alkalinity to acceptable levels. In classic municipal lime soften- ing, this practice would be

25、 counterproductive, but for the previously mentioned uses, it is essential. Calcium chloride is less frequently used as a coagulant aid in certain waters. I.B. History. Authorization for the development of this standard was given by the AWWA Standards Council in 1982. The first edition of the standa

26、rd was developed by the AWWA Standards Committee on Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Calcium Chloride and was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 23, 1985, with an effective date of Dec. 1, 1985. In 1988, the Softening and Conditioning Chemicals Committee assumed responsibility for maintain

27、ing and updating the standard. The second edition was approved on Jan. 28, 1990, and had an effective date of Sept. 1, 1990. ANSI/AWWA B550-96 was approved on Feb. 4, 1996. ANSI/AWWA B550-00 was approved on Jan. 23, 2000. ANSI/AWWA B550-05 was approved on Jan. 16, 2005. This edition was approved on

28、Jan. 17, 2010. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water ad

29、ditives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation) and the Conference of State * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2010 Ameri

30、can Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contac

31、t with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, inc

32、luding two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Ind

33、ividual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stip

34、ulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guide- lines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carci

35、nogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B550 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.4 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The l

36、anguage in Sec. 4.4.4 is a recommenda- tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60 Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make thi

37、s certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certif

38、y products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105. American National Sta

39、ndards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. Calcium chloride is hygroscopic (that is, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere) and deliques

40、cent. It should be stored in a dry place. Calcium chloride dust will rapidly absorb moisture until it is in solution. Calcium chloride is usually dissolved in water and fed into the treatment process in solution form. Solutions may be corrosive to copper, brass, mild iron, steel, and some stainless

41、steels. Calcium chloride will attack yellow brass and aluminum. Most syn- thetic rubbers, plastics, stainless steels designed for high-chloride service, and fiberglass are adequate for solution handling and storage. When calcium chloride is dissolved in water, heat is liberated. Preparation of a 40

42、percent, by weight, calcium chloride solution (75 percent calcium chloride dihy- drate) may increase the original water temperature by approximately 84F (29C). A similar 40 percent, by weight, solution prepared with anhydrous calcium chloride may increase the original water temperature by approximat

43、ely 158F (70C). In the interest of safety and to avoid the capital cost of high-temperature equipment, hot water should not be used for dissolution. For safety information, refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the supplier or manufacturer. III. Use of This Standard. It is the r

44、esponsibility of the user of an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be provided by the purchaser. 1. Standard usedthat

45、is, ANSI/AWWA B550, Standard for Calcium Chloride, of latest revision. 2. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 3. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Sec. 4.1). 4. Quantity, form, and size required (Sec

46、. 4.2). 5. Percent-available calcium chloride required (Sec. 4.3). Refer to the note at the end of this section. 6. Limit on insoluble matter if other than 0.5 percent, by weight (Sec. 4.4.2). 7. Whether the purchaser will reject product from containers or packaging with missing or damaged seals. Th

47、e purchaser may reject product from bulk containers or packages with missing or damaged seals unless the purchasers tests of representative samples, conducted in accordance with Sec. 5.2, demonstrate that the product meets Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.x the st

48、andard. Failure to meet the standard or the absence of, or irregularities in, seals may be sufficient cause to reject the shipment. 8. Whether alternative security measures have been adopted to replace or aug- ment the security measures set out in Sec. 6.2.3 and 6.2.4. 9. Form of shipmentbulk or pac

49、kage, type, and size of container (Sec. 6.2). 10. Basis of payment (Sec. 6.2.2.2). 11. If an affidavit of compliance or certified analysis or both is required. (Sec. 6.3) Note: When purchasing calcium chloride according to the provisions of this stan- dard, the purchaser must state the percent-available calcium chloride required. The purchase of calcium chloride should be based on percent-available calcium chloride. A minimum of 75 percent calcium chloride is desirable because both the dihydrate and anhydrous products are readily available commer