ASTM D1566-2015 Standard Terminology Relating to Rubber《有关橡胶的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1566 14D1566 15Standard Terminology Relating toRubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic

2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the rubber industry. Terms that are generally understood oradequately defined in other readily avai

3、lable sources are not included.1.2 Definitions for terms that have been established by other bodies recognized as expert in the field will, after ballot approval,be inserted in this terminology without change, and the source of the definition will be identified. Exceptions to this rule will bewhere

4、the meaning of the term as used in the rubber industry is different from the common meaning of the term.1.3 Users of this terminology who require mathematical expressions for the time and temperature dependent physical propertiesof some terms found in this standard should refer to Guide D5992 and ot

5、her standards listed under referenced documents. Selectedterms from Guide D5992 may be found in Annex A1.1.4 Although this terminology standard avoids the inclusion of jargon and archaic terms as much as possible, some terms havebeen retained for historical reasons.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St

6、andards:2D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTensionD925 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyStaining of Surfaces (Contact, Migration, and Diffusion)D1076 Specification for RubberConcentrated, Ammonia Preserved, Creamed, and Centrifuged Natural LatexD1148 Test Method for

7、Rubber DeteriorationDiscoloration from Ultraviolet (UV) or UV/Visible Radiation and Heat Exposureof Light-Colored SurfacesD1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternational HardnessD1646 Test Methods for RubberViscosity, Stress Relaxation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics (Mooney Viscometer)D17

8、65 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber ProductsD3053 Terminology Relating to Carbon BlackD5992 Guide for Dynamic Testing of Vulcanized Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials Using Vibratory MethodsD6085 Practice for Sampling in Rubber TestingTerminology and Basic ConceptsE6 Terminology

9、Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE20 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Substances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometres by Optical Microscopy(Withdrawn 1994)3E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparat

10、usE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord ModulusE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers2.2 ISO Standards:41382-82 Rubber-Vocabulary Second Edition (Addendum 16-18-1998)3. Terminologyabrasion, nsurface loss of a material due to frict

11、ional forces.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.08 on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2015. Published February 2014December 2015. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition

12、 approved in 20112014as D1566 11.D1566 14. DOI: 10.1520/D1566-14.10.1520/D1566-15.The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and the ASTM technical committee having jurisdiction.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer

13、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from International Organization for Standardization (IS

14、O), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depic

15、t all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942

16、8-2959. United States1abrasion resistance index, nmeasure of the abrasion resistance of a rubber relative to that of a standard rubber under the samespecified conditions, expressed as a percentage.accelerated life test, ntest method designed to approximate in a short time, the deteriorating effect o

17、f normal long-term serviceconditions.accelerator, delayed action, naccelerator that, in conjunction with other curing agent(s), produces, at vulcanizing temperatures,a period of no significant cross-linking, followed by a period of rapid cross-link formation.accelerator (rubber), ncompounding materi

18、al used in small amounts with a vulcanizing agent to increase the speed ofvulcanization.DISCUSSIONProperties of a vulcanizate are changed by the type or amount of accelerator used.activator, ncompounding material used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator.adhesion, nco

19、ndition in which surfaces are held together by chemical or physical forces or both.adhesion failure, nloss of structural integrity due to the separation of two bonded surfaces at the bond interface.adhesion value, nforce required to cause adhesion failure.DISCUSSIONAny separation occurring at any ot

20、her point, for example, inside either component under test, is a failure of the component material, and such separationshould not be considered as indicating adhesion strength.adhesive failure, nseparation of two bonded surfaces that occurs within the bonding material.DISCUSSIONAdhesive failure occu

21、rs when the adhesive strength of a bonding material is greater than its cohesive strength.aftercure, ncontinuation of the process of vulcanization after the energy source has been removed.age resistance, nability of a material to resist deterioration caused by ageing.agglomerate, compounding materia

22、l, ncluster of particles of one or more compounding materials loosely held together.agglomerate, latex, ncluster of rubber particles in a colloidal aqueous suspension of such particles.agglomerates, nclusters of particles of compounding materials contained in a continuous rubber phase.agglomeration

23、(latex), nreversible or irreversible joining together of latex particles.ageing (act of), nexposure of materials to a deteriorating environment for a specified time interval.ageing (rubber), nirreversible change of material properties during exposure to a deteriorating environment, for a specified t

24、imeinterval.ageing, accelerated, nexposure of rubber to a test environment with the intent of producing, in a shorter time period, effectssimilar to normal ageing.ageing, air bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to the action of air at an elevated temperature and pressure.ageing, air oven, nprocess

25、of exposing materials to the action of air at an elevated temperature at atmospheric pressure.ageing, natural, nageing under normal service conditions.ageing, oxygen bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to the action of oxygen at an elevated temperature and pressure.ageing, shelf, nageing during sto

26、rage.alloy, nunique composition of two or more polymers that has one or more of the polymers treated or processed in a special wayto confer enhanced performance characteristics on the resulting material.anticoagulant (natural rubber latex), nsubstance added to field latex from Havea brasiliensis or

27、to guayule latex to retardbacterial action which would otherwise cause rapid coagulation of the latex.D1566 152DISCUSSIONThe word “stabilizer” is often used in place of “anticoagulant” in latex terminology.antidegradant, ncompounding material used to retard deterioration caused by oxidation, ozone,

28、light, and combinations ofthese.DISCUSSION“Antidegradant” is a generic term for such additives as antioxidants, antiozonants, and waxes.antiflex cracking agent, ncompounding material used to retard cracking caused by cyclic deformations.antifoaming agent, nagent that inhibits bubble formation in an

29、agitated liquid, usually by reducing the surface tension.antioxidant, ncompounding material used to retard deterioration caused by oxidation.antiozonant, ncompounding material used to retard deterioration caused by ozone.antistatic agent, nmaterial which reduces the tendency for accumulation of elec

30、tric charge on the surface of an article.apparent density,nSee density, bulk, the preferred term.aromatic oil, nhydrocarbon process oil containing at least 35 %, by mass, of aromatic hydrocarbons.ash, nresidue from incineration of a material under specified conditions.autoclave (rubber), npressure v

31、essel used for vulcanizing rubber products by means of steam under pressure.backrinding, nmolding defect in which the rubber adjacent to the spew line shrinks below the surface of the molded product,with the spew line often being ragged and torn.bag cure, nmethod of vulcanization in which an inflate

32、d flexible bag is used to impart positive internal pressure on the articlebeing vulcanized.balata, nhard thermoplastic consisting of approximately equal proportions of trans-polyisoprene and resin, obtained from treesof the Sapotaceae family.bale coating, ncoating applied to surfaces of rubber bales

33、 that inhibits adhesion to other surfaces.ball mill, nclosed rotating cylinder containing hard balls (or other shaped members) that serves to grind coarse materials to afiner particle size.bank (mill, calender, or spreader), nreservoir of material at the opening between rolls (mill or calender), or

34、at the spreader bar.batch, nproduct of one mixing operation.bench marks, ntwo marks of known separation applied to a specimen to measure the strain of the specimen during extension.black scorch, nsignificant, reversible increase in the elastic properties of a rubber compound due to interactions betw

35、een thepolymer and carbon black.DISCUSSIONThe term “black scorch” is not related to “scorch.”blank, nportion of a rubber compound of suitable volume to fill the cavity of a mold.bleeding, nexuding of a liquid compounding material from the surface of a vulcanized or unvulcanized rubber.blister(s), ns

36、urface or internal imperfection(s), produced by entrapped gases or other volatiles, during the manufacture of rubberarticles.block copolymer, npolymer consisting of alternating groups of monomer units, typically in the sequence A-B-A, where groupA contains a set of identical monomer units and group

37、B contains a different set of identical monomer units.bloom (rubber), nliquid or solid material that has migrated to the surface of a rubber and generally changes the surfaceappearance.blow, nvolume expansion that occurs during the production of cellular or sponge rubber.D1566 153blowing agent, ncom

38、pounding material used to produce gas by chemical or physical action, or both, in the manufacture ofhollow or cellular articles.booster,nsynonym for secondary accelerator, which is the preferred term.bound monomer, nmonomer that is combined or reacted with itself or other types of monomers in a poly

39、merization reactionto form a polymer.DISCUSSIONThis term is used in synthetic rubber production, and the bound monomer is normally expressed as a percentage of total polymer.bound rubber, nnonvulcanized polymer attached to a filler through any combination of absorption, chemisxorption, physicalentra

40、pment, or crosslinking of free molecules; the polymer-filler combination is insoluble in solvents that normally dissolve thepolymer.branched polymer, npolymer that has side chains of the same monomer composition as the main chain attached at points alongthe main chain.buffing rubber, nparticulate ru

41、bber produced as a byproduct of the buffing operation in the carcass preparation stage of a tireretreading; characterized by a wide range of particle sizes that are predominately elongated or acicular in shape. See particulaterubber.DISCUSSIONThe appearance of the unique shape of the particles of th

42、is material is only apparent in finished goods or products that contain particles having adimension greater in size than 600 m (30 mesh).bulk density, nmass per unit volume of a material, including any voids present.bumping, molding process, napplication, release, and reapplication of pressure prior

43、 to the start of vulcanization to vententrapped gases, thereby facilitating complete filling of the mold.calender, nmachine with two or more parallel, counter-rotating rolls with a controllable, roll-to-roll spacing, rotating at selectedsurface speeds and controlled temperatures, used for sheeting,

44、laminating, skim coating (topping) and friction coating, to acontrolled thickness and/or surface condition.carbon black, nmaterial consisting essentially of elemental carbon in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles and coalescedparticle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by partial comb

45、ustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. D3053carbon black, thermal, ntype of carbon black produced under controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character

46、 of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765. D3053carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, nthermal black produced from acetylene gas D3053carbon gel (carbon-rubber-gel), nportion of rubber that is not leached by a solvent under specified conditions, from an intimatemixture of carbon black and unvulca

47、nized rubber.carcass, nfabric, cord, or metal reinforced section, or all three, of a rubber product as distinguished from the rubber tube, cover,or tread.cell, nsingle small cavity surrounded partially or completely by walls.cell, closed, ncell totally enclosed by its walls, hence not interconnectin

48、g with other cells.cell, open, ncell not totally enclosed by its walls and hence interconnecting with other cells.cellular material, ngeneric term for materials containing many cells (either open, closed, or both) dispersed throughout themass.cellular material, collapse, nundesirable densification o

49、f a cellular material resulting from the breakdown of its cellularstructure.D1566 154cellular material, cored, ncellular material containing a multiplicity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindrical in shape),molded or cut into the material in some pattern normally perpendicular to the largest surface, and extending part or all the waythrough the piece.cellular material, flexible, ncellular organic polymeric material that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25 mm (8b