ANSI ALI LADDER A14.2-2017 Ladders - Portable Metal - Safety Requirements.pdf

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1、ANSI-ASC A14.2-2017American National StandardsAmerican National Standard for Ladders Portable Metal Safety RequirementsANSI-ASCnullA14.2-2017Revision of ANSI A14.2-2007American National Standard for Ladders Portable Metal Safety RequirementsSecretariatAmerican Ladder Institute Approved December 12,

2、2017American National Standards Institute, Inc.For information on possible errata sheets and other ANSI-ASC A14 Standards please refer to the ALI website located at:www.americanladderinstitute.orgiAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and p

3、rovisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purcha

4、sing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an

5、 interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no persons shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.Caution Notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn a

6、t any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by cal

7、ling or writing the American National Standards Institute.Published byAmerican Ladder Institute330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611Copyright 2017 by ANSI-ASC A14 All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwi

8、se, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaAmerican National StandardiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard A14.2-2017.)This standard on portable ladders is one of many American National Standards prepared under the

9、supervision of the ANSI Accredited Standards Committee on Safety in the Construction, Care, and Use of Ladders, A14. Subcommittees that report to the American National Standards Committee A14 have developed all of the standards. The subcommittees are A14.1, Portable Wood Ladders; A14.2, Portable Met

10、al Ladders; A14.3, Fixed Ladders, A14.4, Job-Made Ladders; and A14.5, Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders, and 14.9, Ceiling Mounted Disappearing Climbing Systems.All standards, except A14.7 Mobile Ladders Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms, derive from the original American National Standards

11、 Safety Code forConstruction, Care, and Use of Ladders, which was first approved on July 25, 1923. Revisions were approved on April 11, 1935; April 2, 1948; and November 10, 1952.The earlier editions contained some treatment of metal and fixed ladders. Requirements for these types were removed from

12、the 1948 revision because rapid development in the metal ladder field warranted special consideration and treatment of metal ladders, and fixed ladders (usually metal) in separate standards.The Metal Ladder Manufacturers Association is responsible for initiating the standard on portable metal ladder

13、s. This group prepared the original draft and submitted it to Standards Committee A14 for consideration in May 1951. Subcommittee A14.2 was then created to review the document and make any changes necessary to conform to the requirements of all the interested groups. After consideration and some rev

14、ision by the subcommittee, nearly 200 copies of the draft were sent to various organizations and individuals for review and comment. The suggestions received were considered in the preparation of the final draft, which was submitted to the Standards Committee for letter ballot in December 1955, and

15、approved in 1956. Subcommittee A14.2 also developed the 1972 edition.Responding to a Consumer Product Safety Commission challenge in August 1975, the A14 Committee mounted a three-prong attack to upgrade the portable ladder standards within the consensus framework of developing standards. Three Task

16、 Forces Anthropometric, Testing, and Labeling were established in October 1975.Without question the Testing Task Force carried out the most massive technically difficult task, which included a significant amount of human-factors work. Over 100 known ladder experts were solicited to join this task fo

17、rce and provide their technical expertise. The work involved 50 meetings, over 400 test documents and the use of numerous test ladders over a period of nearly two years. The cost of the project has been conservatively estimated at over $300,000.At the August 11, 1977, joint meeting of the Testing Ta

18、sk Force and the A14 Advisory Committee, 23 procedures were presented. These procedures, with an accompanying rationale based upon statistical and human factors data, were distributed to the three portable-ladder subcommittees for review and incorporation into the standards. Recommendations for nome

19、nclature, and for care and use of ladders had been previously balloted. In addition, the Ladder Use Survey Form and Bi-Level Fall Victim Report Form (that have been included in the Appendixes), had also been balloted so the more technical material from the Testing Task Force could receive full atten

20、tion of the three subcommittees.Test procedures were developed for three different applications, namely, design verification, quality control, and in-service testing. Design verification tests would generally be conducted on a one-time basis during the original design iiidevelopment of the product a

21、nd would usually be destructive tests. The manufacturer on an on-going basis would conduct quality control tests; some of the tests would be destructive and some would be nondestructive. In-service tests would be conducted by the user on a periodic basis and would be nondestructive in nature.ANSI A1

22、4.2-1981 was approved March 4, 1980 with an effective date of March 4, 1982. This 2 year period was to allow the manufacturers the necessary lead time to evaluate their products for conformance to the 1981 edition of the three portable ladder standards, to redesign and test their products where appl

23、icable, to design and build the required manufacturing tooling and machinery, and to convert their manufacturing operations to produce the revised products.During development of product for compliance with the 1981 revision, experience by some of the manufacturers indicated that the inclined load te

24、st was not practical when applied to all available length ladders. Also, recommendations were received for clarifications in test procedure descriptions. In the course of resolving these questions, evidence was produced to warrant modifications in the label test requirements and further investigatio

25、ns brought about changes in the label test specifications.To allow time for investigating these issues, the effective date of the 1981 revision was postponed to June 4, 1982 and then to October 4, 1982. Once the issues were resolved, ANSI A14.2-1982 was approved with the needed changes incorporated

26、and an effective date of October 4, 1982.In the 1990 revision, several issues, which had arisen since the 1982 revision, were addressed. Most significantly, requirements were developed to cover the multipurpose articulated ladder. In addition the label/marking section improved the graphics as well a

27、s presented new labels.Considerable effort went into preparing the 2000 revision to assure consistency between the A14.2 standard for portable metal ladders and the new revisions of A14.1 (portable wood ladders) and A14.5 (portable reinforced plastic ladders) standards.In the 2007 revision, as a res

28、ult of efforts by an Articulated Ladder Task Force, additional dynamic testing was added to the testing requirements for articulated ladders. Additionally, requirements for ladders with a 375 pound duty rating, designated as “Special Duty Type IAA” were incorporated within the ANSI A14.2 and A14.5 s

29、tandards. Requirements for Special Duty Type IAA ladders were previously developed and issued in the ANSI A14.10-2000 standard. The A14.10 subcommittee was originally formed in order to quickly respond to a petition to ANSI by cable TV and electric companies for a higher duty rating ladder. After in

30、corporation of the Special Duty Type IAA requirements into the A14.2 and A14.5 standards, the A14.10 standard was withdrawn.In this current revision, as a result of efforts by a Telescoping Ladder Task Force, specifications and testing requirements for telescoping ladders are being added to the stan

31、dard. As a result of further efforts by the Articulated Ladder Task Force, additional specifications and testing requirements are being added to the standard for articulated extendable ladders. A generic test surface was adopted for those tests requiring a specific floor surface or top support for t

32、he ladder. The Labeling/Marking Task Force has provided revised non-mandatory labeling illustrations in Appendix A and B that incorporate the ANSI Z535.4 guidelines with the long standing labeling practices of ANSI ASC A14. The format of the standard has modified to place all tables and figures at t

33、he end.Each revision of the standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards Committee on Safety in the Construction, Care, and Use of Ladders, A14. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all the committee members voted for its appr

34、oval.Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the American Ladder Institute, 330 N. Wabash Ave., Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611.ivAt the time it approved this standard, the A14 Committee had the following members:Organization Represented Name of RepresentativeA

35、merican Insurance Association George EarhartAmerican Ladder Institute Ron SchwartzMarc McConnell (Alt)American Society of Safety Engineers . Michael LorenzoTim Fisher (Alt)Associated General Contractors of America .Charles E. BirdTim Fischer (Alt)Canadian Standards Association .Dave ShanahanCosco Ho

36、me and Office Products Eric KruseLarry Voris (Alt)Cotterman Company Don GibsonPete Catlos (Alt)Ellis Fall Safety Solutions, LLC Div. of DSC J. Nigel EllisCody Snyder (Alt)Grainger Industrial Supply .Richard MartinJohn Foston (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Christian DuvaInternat

37、ional Union of Painters and Allied Trades Greg RenneDan Penski (Alt)International Union of Bricklayers second to the center of the fly rung in the center of the overlap or, if necessary, 6 inches higher than the center of the ladder span; and third to the center of the lowest fly rung above the over

38、lap.When testing an articulated ladder, the test load shall be applied to the center of the rung immediately above the midpoint of the test span.American National Standard A14.2-201716When testing an articulated extendable ladder, the test load shall be applied at four different rung locations: firs

39、t to the center of the rung immediately above the midpoint of the test span; second to the center of the rung where the inner and outer rungs overlap; third to the center of the rung immediately below where the inner and outer rungs overlap; and fourth to the center of the rung immediately above whe

40、re the inner and outer rungs overlap, as shown in Fig. 1c.When testing a telescoping ladder, the test load shall be applied at three different rung locations: first to the center of the rung closest to of the length of the test span from the feet; second to the center of the rung nearest the middle

41、of the test span; and third to the center of the rung closest to of the length of the test span from the feet, as shown in Fig. 1d.When articulated, articulated extendable, or telescoping ladders have rungs that are symmetric front to back or if the proper climbing side cannot be readily determined

42、from the rung orientation, the horizontal bending test shall be conducted front and back. If the design of the extendable sections of articulated extendable ladders are different, both sections shall be tested.7.3.1.3 Cyclic Horizontal Bending Tests. This test is only applicable to telescoping ladde

43、rs (see Section 7.6). The ladder shall be opened to its maximum working length and be placed in a flat, horizontal position as shown in Fig. 1. The end support bars shall be designed to permit longitudinal translation of either one or both supports during loading as the test unit deflects, yet still

44、 maintain the 6-inch overhang at each end. The test load shall be applied at the center of the rung at the midpoint of the test span, or at the next higher rung when no rung is present at the midpoint. Guides shall be provided at each end support bar to restrain the ladder from sideways shifting; th

45、ese rungs shall be loosely tied or secured to the support bars.A device or other means of applying a cyclic vertical force shall be mechanically clamped to the center of the test rung. This load applicator shall apply the force over a 3-1/2 inch long wood or elastomer form clamp that nominally confo

46、rms to and encircles the rung. The loading device shall generate a cyclic load varying from no load to maximum load and back to no load.The cyclic load shall be established by the equation: WhereF = cyclic load (pounds)P = deflection test load (pounds) for specific ladder (from Table 5)L = ladder ma

47、ximum extended length (feet) TS = test span (feet)0.97PL .2425PLF = - x (1/4) = -TS TSThe ladder shall be loaded and unloaded at a frequency of 10 to 30 cycles per minute. The ladder shall be exposed to 100,000 cycles without any evidence of test failure. Only ultimate failure of the side rails shal

48、l constitute test failure. Wear, abrasion, permanent deformation (set), or ultimate failure during or as a result of the test to other ladder components shall also not constitute test failure. 7.3.2 Deflection Test.Note: This is both a design verification test and an in-service use test.The ladder s

49、hall be supported and the load shall be applied to the rung closest to the midpoint of the test span, over a 3-1/2 inch width of the rung, as shown in Fig. 2a and b. All supporting and loading apparatus shall conform to that shown in Fig. 2a and 2b. The test results shall be recorded on a data sheet that contains at least the minimum data shown in Fig. 3, or the equivalent.The ladder shall be preloaded with a 30 lb. load for one minute before applying the test load. The test load shall be applied for a period of one minute, i