ANSI ALI LADDER A14.2-2007 Ladders - Portable Metal - Safety Requirements.pdf

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1、ANSI- ASC A14.2-2007American National StandardsAmerican NationalStandard for Ladders Portable Metal SafetyRequirementsANSI-ASC A14.2-2007Revision of ANSI A14.2 2000American National Standard for Ladders Portable Metal Safety RequirementsSecretariatAmerican Ladder InstituteApproved August 20, 2007Ame

2、rican National Standards Institute, Inc.For information on possible errata sheets and other ANSI -ASCA14 Standards please refer to the ALI website located at:www.americanladderinstitute.orgAmerican National Standard A14.2-2007An American National Standard implies a consensusof those substantially co

3、ncerned with its scope andprovisions. An American National Standard is intendedas a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, andthe general public. The existence of an AmericanNational Standard does not in any respect precludeanyone, whether they have approved the standard ornot, from manufactur

4、ing, marketing, purchasing, orusing products, processes, or procedures not conformingto the standard. American National Standards are subjectto periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain thelatest editions.The American National Standards Institute does notdevelop standards and will in no circ

5、umstances givean interpretation of any American National Standard.Moreover, no persons shall have the right or authorityto issue an interpretation of an American NationalStandard in the name of the American NationalStandards Institute.Caution Notice: This American National Standard maybe revised or

6、withdrawn at any time. The procedures ofthe American National Standards Institute require thataction be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw thisstandard no later than five years from the date of publi-cation. Purchasers of American National Standards mayreceive current information on all standard

7、s by callingor writing the American National Standards Institute.Published byAmerican Ladder Institute401 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611Copyright 2007 by ANSI-ASC A14All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,wi

8、thout the prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaAmerican National StandardiiAmerican National Standard A14.2-2007iiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of American NationalStandard A14.2-2007.)This standard on portable ladders is one of manyAmerican Nation

9、al Standards prepared under thesupervision of the ANSI Accredited Standards Committeeon Safety in the Construction, Care, and Use of Ladders,A14. Subcommittees that report to the American NationalStandards Committee A14 have developed all of thestandards. The subcommittees are A14.1, Portable WoodLa

10、dders; A14.2, Portable Metal Ladders; A14.3, FixedLadders, A14.4, Job-Made Ladders; and A14.5, PortableReinforced Plastic Ladders, and 14.9, Ceiling MountedDisappearing Climbing Systems.All standards, except A14.7 Mobile Ladders Standsand Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms, derive from theoriginal Americ

11、an National Standards Safety Code forConstruction, Care, and Use of Ladders, which was firstapproved on July 25, 1923. Revisions were approved onApril 11, 1935; April 2, 1948; and November 10, 1952.The earlier editions contained some treatment of metaland fixed ladders. Requirements for these types

12、wereremoved from the 1948 revision because rapid developmentin the metal ladder field warranted special considerationand treatment of metal ladders, and fixed ladders (usuallymetal) in separate standards.The Metal Ladder Manufacturers Association is responsi-ble for initiating the standard on portab

13、le metal ladders.This group prepared the original draft and submitted it toStandards Committee A14 for consideration in May 1951.Subcommittee A14.2 was then created to review the docu-ment and make any changes necessary to conform to therequirements of all the interested groups. After considera-tion

14、 and some revision by the subcommittee, nearly 200copies of the draft were sent to various organizations andindividuals for review and comment. The suggestionsreceived were considered in the preparation of the finaldraft, which was submitted to the Standards Committeefor letter ballot in December 19

15、55, and approved in 1956.Subcommittee A14.2 also developed the 1972 edition.Responding to a Consumer Product Safety Commissionchallenge in August 1975, the A14 Committee mounteda three-prong attack to upgrade the portable ladder stan-dards within the consensus framework of developingstandards. Three

16、 Task Forces Anthropometric, Testing,and Labeling were established in October 1975.Without question the Testing Task Force carried out themost massive technically difficult task, which includeda significant amount of human-factors work. Over 100known ladder experts were solicited to join this taskfo

17、rce and provide their technical expertise. The workinvolved 50 meetings, over 400 test documents and theuse of numerous test ladders over a period of nearly twoyears. The cost of the project has been conservativelyestimated at over $300,000.At the August 11, 1977, joint meeting of the Testing TaskFo

18、rce and the A14 Advisory Committee, 23 procedureswere presented. These procedures, with an accompany-ing rationale based upon statistical and human factorsdata, were distributed to the three portable-laddersubcommittees for review and incorporation into thestandards. Recommendations for nomenclature

19、, andfor care and use of ladders had been previously balloted.In addition, the Ladder Use Survey Form and Bi-LevelFall Victim Report Form (that have been included inthe Appendixes), had also been balloted so the moretechnical material from the Testing Task Force couldreceive full attention of the th

20、ree subcommittees.Test procedures were developed for three different appli-cations, namely, design verification, quality control, andin-service testing. Design verification tests would gener-ally be conducted on a one-time basis during the originaldesign development of the product and would usually

21、bedestructive tests. The manufacturer on an on-going basiswould conduct quality control tests; some of the testswould be destructive and some would be nondestructive.In-service tests would be conducted by the user on aperiodic basis and would be nondestructive in nature.American National Standard A1

22、4.2-2007ivANSI A14.2-1981 was approved March 4, 1980 with aneffective date of March 4, 1982. This 2 year period wasto allow the manufacturers the necessary lead time toevaluate their products for conformance to the 1981 edi-tion of the three portable ladder standards, to redesignand test their produ

23、cts where applicable, to design andbuild the required manufacturing tooling and machinery,and to convert their manufacturing operations to producethe revised products.During development of product for compliance withthe 1981 revision, experience by some of the manufac-turers indicated that the incli

24、ned load test was not practi-cal when applied to all available length ladders. Also,recommendations were received for clarifications in testprocedure descriptions. In the course of resolving thesequestions, evidence was produced to warrant modificationsin the label test requirements and further inve

25、stigationsbrought about changes in the label test specifications.To allow time for investigating these issues, the effectivedate of the 1981 revision was postponed to June 4, 1982and then to October 4, 1982. Once the issues wereresolved, ANSI A14.2-1982 was approved with theneeded changes incorporat

26、ed and an effective date ofOctober 4, 1982.In the 1990 revision, several issues, which had arisen sincethe 1982 revision, were addressed. Most significantly,requirements were developed to cover the multipurposearticulated ladder. In addition the label/marking sectionimproved the graphics as well as

27、presented new labels.Considerable effort went into preparing the 2000 revi-sion to assure consistency between the A14.2 standardfor portable metal ladders and the new revisions ofA14.1 (portable wood ladders) and A14.5 (portable rein-forced plastic ladders) standards.In this current revision, severa

28、l issues, which have arisensince the last revision, are addressed. As a result ofefforts by an Articulated Ladder Task Force, additionaldynamic testing has been added to the testing require-ments for articulated ladders. Additionally, requirementsfor ladders with a 375 pound duty rating, designated

29、as“Special Duty Type IAA” are now being incorporatedwithin the ANSI A14.2 and A14.5 standards.Requirements for Special Duty Type IAA ladders werepreviously developed and issued in the ANSI A14.10-2000 standard. The A14.10 subcommittee was originallyformed in order to quickly respond to a petition to

30、 ANSIby cable TV and electric companies for a higher dutyrating ladder. After incorporation of the Special DutyType IAA requirements into the A14.2 and A14.5 stan-dards, the A14.10 standard will be withdrawn.Each revision of the standard was processed andapproved for submittal to ANSI by American Na

31、tionalStandards Committee on Safety in the Construction,Care, and Use of Ladders, A14. Committee approval ofthe standard does not necessarily imply that all the com-mittee members voted for its approval. Suggestions for improvement of this standard arewelcome. They should be sent to the American Lad

32、derInstitute, 401 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. At the time it approved this standard, the A14Committee had the following members:Erick Knox, ChairmanDon Gibson, Vice ChairRon Pietrzak, Administrative SecretariatOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Insurance Association . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George EarhartThomas Murray (Alt)American Ladder Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marc McCo

34、nnellAmerican Society of Safety Engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnest HarperMichael Lorenzo (Alt)Associated General Contractors of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . . Charles BirdJohn ODonovan (Alt)Canadian Standards Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walter DickCosco Home and Office Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eric KruseTerry Emerson (Alt)Disappearing Attic Stairway Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dennis WilliamsBrad Hudspeth (Alt)American National Standard A14.

37、2-2007vIllinois Association of Building Maintenance Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carl Pedersen James Weil (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . James TomaseskiInternational Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dan PenskiMike Metz (Alt)International Union of Bricklayers second to the center of the fly rung in the centerof the overlap or, if necessary,

39、6 inches higher thanthe center of the ladder span; and third to the centerof the lowest fly rung above the overlap. Whentesting an articulated ladder, the test load shall beapplied to the center of the rung immediately abovethe center of the test span. When the articulatedladder is intended to be cl

40、imbed from either side,the horizontal bending test shall be conducted frontand back. The end support bars shall be designed topermit longitudinal translation of either one or bothsupports during loading as the test unit deflects, yetstill maintain the 6-inch overhang at each end. 7.3.2 Deflection Te

41、st. Note: This is both a design verification test and an in-service use test.The ladder shall be supported and the load shall beapplied to the rung closest to the midpoint of thespan, over a 3-1/2 inch bearing on the rung, asshown in Fig. 2a and b. All supporting and loadingapparatus shall conform t

42、o that shown in Fig. 2a and2b. The test results shall be recorded on a data sheetTable 5Horizontal Bending Test Loads (pounds)Deflection UltimateDuty Rating and Type Working Load Preload Test Load Test LoadSpecial duty - Type IAA 375 280 375 470Extra heavy-duty - Type IA 300 225 300 375Heavy-duty -

43、Type I 250 188 250 310Medium-duty - Type II 225 169 225 280Light-duty - Type III 200 150 2 0 0 2 5 0American National Standard A14.2-200712Figure 1Horizontal Bending Testthat contains at least the minimum data shown in Fig.3, or the equivalent. The ladder shall be preloaded with a 30 lb. load forone

44、 minute before applying the test load. The testload shall be applied for a period of one minute, inaccordance with Table 7.Deflections shall be determined by measuring, at themidpoint between the supports, the vertical distancefrom the extreme outside edges of the widest sectionof both rails to the

45、floor or other reference surfaceboth before loading and while the full test load isapplied. These measurements shall be entered on thedata sheet (see Fig. 3). The test shall be repeated withthe load applied to the other rail of the ladder. Thetwist angle between a line joining the loaded andunloaded

46、 rails and the horizontal shall be calculatedfrom the trigonometric equation:The ladder shall pass this test without exceeding the val-ues of deflection and angle of twist shown in Table 8. 7.3.3 Simulated In-Use Inclined Load Test. Note: This is a design verification test. American National Standar

47、d A14.2-200713The ladder shall be extended to the maximum workinglength and supported as shown in Fig. 4. The loadshall be applied equally to both side rails on the lowestfly rung above the overlap on extension ladders and atthe first rung at midspan or above on all other ladders.The load shall be a

48、pplied using two 3-1/2 inch straps,each located next to a rail and centrally loadedthrough an equalizer bar on the climbing side of theladder. All supporting and loading apparatus shallconform to that shown in Fig. 4 or shall be such asto produce equivalent results.The ladder shall be loaded in acco

49、rdance with Table 9.The full load shall be applied for a period of oneminute before release. The ladder shall sustain thisload without ultimate failure. Permanent deformation(set) shall be allowed.This test shall be used only for design verification.It shall not be employed for quality control or fieldinspection purposes.7.3.4 Hardware Test Requirements.7.3.4.1 Column and Hardware Load Test Note: This is a design verification test. 7.3.4.1.1 Single and Extension Ladders. Thetest unit shall either be the shortest full-sizeladder manufactured or a unit merely of suffi-cient length f