ACI 364.1R-2007 Guide for Evaluation of Concrete Structures Prior to Rehabilitation《修复前混凝土结构的评估指南》.pdf

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1、ACI 364.1R-07Guide for Evaluation of ConcreteStructures before RehabilitationReported by ACI Committee 364American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeGuide for Evaluation of Concrete Structuresbefore RehabilitationFirst PrintingMay 2007ISBN 978-0-87031-245-8Copyright by the American Concr

2、ete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee re

3、ports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occa-sionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggesti

4、ons for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material

5、it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk andaccept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, th

6、e implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose ornon-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may re

7、sultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this documen

8、t. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regula-tions, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)health and safety standards.Order informat

9、ion: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute3

10、8800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 364.1R-07 supersedes ACI 364.1R-94 and was adopted and published May 2007.Copyright 2007, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any for

11、m or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright p

12、roprietors.364.1R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, andCommentaries are intended for guidance in planning,designing, executing, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itsconte

13、nt and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document

14、 shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for Evaluation of Concrete Structuresbefore Rehabilitatio

15、nReported by ACI Committee 364ACI 364.1R-07This guide presents general procedures for evaluation of concrete structuresbefore rehabilitation. Among the subjects covered are: preliminaryinvestigation, detailed investigation, documentation, field observation andcondition survey, sampling and material

16、testing, evaluation, and finalreport. Evaluation to identify seismic deficiencies is beyond the scope ofthis report.Keywords: concrete; condition survey, deterioration; distress; evaluation,investigation, rehabilitation; sampling; testing.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 364.1R-21.1General1.2Defini

17、tions1.3Purpose and scopeChapter 2Preliminary and detailed investigation, p. 364.1R-32.1Introduction2.2Investigation: overview2.3Preliminary investigation2.4Detailed investigation2.5Document review2.6Field investigation2.7Sampling and material testing2.8Evaluation2.9ReportChapter 3Document review, p

18、. 364.1R-73.1Introduction3.2Design information3.3Materials information3.4Construction information3.5Service history3.6Project documentsChapter 4Field investigation, p. 364.1R-84.1Introduction4.2Preparation and planning4.3Field verification of as-built construction4.4Condition survey and visual inspe

19、ction4.5Unsafe or potentially hazardous conditionsSam Bhuyan Zareh B. Gregorian Erick N. Larson Avanti C. ShroffBenoit Bissonnette Pawan R. Gupta James L. Loper Thomas E. SpencerMichael L. Brainerd Ronald E. Heffron Pritpal S. Mangat John A. TannerChristopher D. Brown Robert L. Henry James E. McDona

20、ld Valery TokarDouglas Burke Kal R. Hindo Martin S. McGovern David A. VanOckerAshok K. Dhingra Charles J. Hookham William R. Nash Kurt F. Von FayBoris Dragunsky Lawrence F. Kahn Mark A. Postma James WarnerPeter H. Emmons Ashok M. Kakade David W. Scott Patrick M. WatsonPaul E. Gaudette Dov Kaminetzky

21、 Robert E. Shewmaker David W. WhitmoreTimothy R. W. Gillespie Keith E. Kesner K. Nam ShiuFred R. GoodwinChairAlexander M. VaysburdSecretary364.1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 5Sampling and material testing,p. 364.1R-115.1Introduction5.2Determination of testing requirements5.3Testing and evaluation5

22、.4Test methods5.5Sampling techniquesChapter 6Evaluation, p. 364.1R-146.1Introduction6.2Dimensions and geometry6.3Materials evaluation6.4Structural evaluation6.5Cost evaluation6.6Evaluation of rehabilitation alternativesChapter 7Final report, p. 364.1R-157.1Introduction7.2Purpose and scope of investi

23、gation7.3Documentation recovered to support evaluation7.4Field observations and condition survey7.5Sampling and material testing results7.6Evaluation7.7Findings and recommendationsChapter 8References, p. 364.1R-168.1Referenced standards and reports8.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1GeneralTh

24、is report outlines procedures for the evaluation ofconcrete structures before rehabilitation; however, it mayalso be useful for evaluation of structures even if rehabilitationis not contemplated. These procedures are intended to beused as a guide to assist the architect/engineer responsiblefor the e

25、valuation. The evaluation work is generallyperformed for one or more of the following purposes:(a) To assess deterioration due to exposure conditions;(b) To evaluate structural damage or distress resulting fromunusual loadings, improper design, poor construction,overloads, fire, flood, foundation se

26、ttlement, abrasion,fatigue effects, chemical attack, weathering, or inadequatemaintenance;(c) To determine the feasibility of changing the use of astructure;(d) To assess the capacity of a structure to accommodatelarger loads;(e) To enlarge a structure or change the appearance of thestructure;(f) To

27、 determine the feasibility of modifying an existingstructure to conform to current codes and standards; and(g) To verify the structural adequacy and integrity of astructure or selected elements within a structure.The objective and extent of the rehabilitation effort shouldbe clearly defined, thereby

28、 providing focus for the evaluation.The owner should be consulted and provided with relativecosts for various levels of interference during the evaluationprocess so that an informed decision can be made as to howto proceed with the rehabilitation work. The cost associatedwith items, such as interfer

29、ence with normal operations or acomplete shutdown of a structure, can easily exceed those ofthe actual rehabilitation work. Although rehabilitation canoften be planned and executed with minimal interferencewith normal operations, it is usually more cost effective tocease normal operations during reh

30、abilitation work.There is no absolute measurement of structural safety in anexisting structure, particularly in structures that havedeteriorated due to prolonged exposure to the environment,or that have been damaged by a physical event. Guidance forthe strength evaluation, however, is provided in AC

31、I 318,Chapter 20, Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures.Engineering judgment and close consultation with the ownerregarding the intended use of the structure are required inthe evaluation of structures. Many repair failures have beenobserved in rehabilitation projects due to erroneous reha-bili

32、tation procedure and or improper judgment.Due to the many unknowns inherent in evaluating existingstructures, it is essential to retain the services of consultants,such as design professionals, experienced in this type ofwork and possessing necessary registration with the applicablestate licensing b

33、oard. The agencies performing tests of thematerials should be experienced in the testing and testingprocedures and accredited, if applicable. The techniciansshould be certified in their field, as applicable to the tests. Itis equally important to retain services of an experiencedspecialty contractor

34、 to provide better cost estimates, evaluatethe level of disturbance to the users, and the difficulty ofwork. If competitive bidding is used, consideration should begiven to limiting bidding to prequalified contractors with anestablished record in completing similar rehabilitation projects.1.2Definit

35、ionsThe following definitions are defined herein as in ACI 116R:preservationthe process of maintaining a structure in itspresent condition and arresting further deterioration.rehabilitationthe process of repairing or modifying astructure to a desired useful condition.repairto replace or correct dete

36、riorated, damaged, orfaulty materials, components, or elements of a structure.restorationthe process of re-establishing the materials,form, and appearance of a structure to those of a particularera of the structure.strengththe ability of a material to resist strain orrupture induced by external forc

37、es.The following terms are defined herein for the purpose ofclarification and used throughout the balance of this report:assemblycomponents of a structure that act together toresist gravity, lateral, and other forces, including gravityframes, moment-resisting frames, braced frames, shearwalls,and po

38、nentthe basic structural members that constitutea structure, including beams, columns, slabs, ties, walls, andpiers.condition assessmentconclusions based on engineeringjudgment about the condition of a structure.EVALUATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION 364.1R-3condition surveyquantita

39、tively defining the physicalcondition of a structure, principally by visual inspection andsupplemented by nondestructive tests.elementa separate, identifiable part of a structure.evaluationusing the results from investigations andstructural engineering principles to derive conclusions regardinga str

40、uctures behavior, condition, integrity, and the need forpreservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or strengthening.inspectionthe process of using aided and unaided visualtechniques to ascertain the physical condition of a structureand extent of deterioration, damage, or distress present.investigati

41、oncollecting and assembling data and detailedinformation regarding a structures behavior, condition, andstrength, acquired from analyses of documents, surveys,observations and tests, and other means, such as conductinginterviews with persons knowledgeable of the structure.samplingidentifying and rem

42、oving materials orcomponents from the structure for the purpose of conductinglaboratory tests to determine material or structural propertiesor to further quantify physical condition.strengtheningincreasing the load-resistance capacity ofa structure or portion thereof.structurethe building, component

43、s of a building, orother structural system; considered to be concrete in thisguide unless otherwise noted.testingquantifying material or physical properties of thestructure through the use of testing procedures and calibratedequipment, either in the field or laboratory. Testing may benondestructive

44、or destructive; destructive testing oftenrequires follow-up repair.1.3Purpose and scopeThe purpose of this guide is to provide general proceduresfor the evaluation of concrete building structures beforerehabilitation. This is of particular importance because thereis a substantial difference between

45、the complexity of designto rehabilitate an existing structure, compared with thedesign of a new structure. Evaluation of specialty structuretypes, such as bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, andtunnels, are beyond the scope of this report, though theconcepts are similar.This guide presents recommen

46、dations based on experiencedrawn from publications, past investigations, and evaluations.The guidelines provided are general in character, but specificenough for use as a model evaluation procedure for a structure.This report is presented in the order in which an evaluationwould normally be conducte

47、d. The first and the most importantsingle effort in evaluation before rehabilitation is thepreliminary investigation, as described in Chapter 2. Aftercompletion of the preliminary investigation, the detailedinvestigation can proceed if deemed desirable or necessary.Investigations generally involve t

48、hree major tasks: locatingand reviewing pertinent documents, performing fieldobservations and condition surveys, and sampling and materialtesting. From the investigation results, evaluation and analysiscan be completed and a final report prepared. The flowchartin Fig. 1.1 identifies methodology and

49、major tasks that arecommonly undertaken in an investigation, before rehabilitation.In some cases, the pertinent documentation is not available;in those cases, the success of the evaluation is dependent onthe experience and judgment of the design professional.Chapter 2 of this report defines the attributes and uses ofboth preliminary and detailed investigations in the evaluationprocess and provides an overview of the report. Chapter 3identifies those documents and sources of information thatwould normally