BS PD CEN TR 16918-2015 Safety of toys Children′s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys《玩具的安全性 儿童用嘴接触玩具的行为》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 Safety of toys Childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with toysPD CEN/TR 16918:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16918:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Tec

2、hnical Committee CW/15/5, Toys - Chemical. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standa

3、rds Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 91085 2 ICS 97.200.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December

4、 2015. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16918:2015TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16918 December 2015 ICS 97.200.50 English Version Safety of toys - Childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with toys Scurit des jouets - Analyse de la mise l

5、a bouche des jouets par les enfants Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Mundkontaktverhalten von Kindern This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 7 December 2015. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 52.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia

6、, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Unit

7、ed Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN

8、/TR 16918:2015 EPD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Literature review 7 2.1 General 7 2.2 Methodological review on childrens mouthing behaviour . 8 2.3 Main results on the duration and frequency of childrens mouthing behaviour i

9、n previous literature 11 2.3.1 General . 11 2.3.2 Daily time available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating . 12 2.3.3 Frequency of mouthing objects . 13 2.3.4 Amount of the time spent mouthing objects 14 3 Design of the research 16 3.1 General objective 16 3.2 Data collection . 16 3.3 Methodology

10、17 3.3.1 General . 17 3.3.2 Ethnographic 18 3.3.3 Home environment 18 3.3.4 Free play environment . 20 3.3.5 Pilot test . 21 3.3.6 Observational tool and protocols . 22 3.3.7 Training sessions . 23 3.4 Sample description: Children and toys 23 3.4.1 General . 23 3.4.2 Children sample 24 3.4.3 Sample

11、31 3.5 Statistical analysis . 35 4 Results of childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with toys 36 4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys . 36 4.1.1 General . 36 4.1.2 By age 36 4.1.3 By gender 37 4.1.4 By gender and age 38 4.1.5 By country . 39 4.1.6 By country and age 40 4.2 Time children spent mouth

12、ing toys 41 4.2.1 General . 41 4.2.2 By age 41 4.2.3 By gender 42 4.2.4 By gender and age 42 4.2.5 By country . 43 4.2.6 By country and age 44 4.2.7 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age . 45 4.3 Type of mouthing: lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew . 47 PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 3 4.

13、3.1 Frequency by type of mouthing . 47 4.3.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age. 48 4.3.3 Time children spent mouthing, by type of mouthing 49 4.3.4 Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age 50 4.4 Elastomeric vs. not elastomeric material 51 4.4.1 General . 51 4.4.2 Frequency

14、by elastomeric and not elastomeric material 51 4.4.3 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age 52 4.4.4 Time children spent mouthing by elastomeric and not elastomeric material . 53 4.4.5 Time children spent mouthing, by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age . 53 4.4.6

15、 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material . 54 4.4.7 Toy-to-mouth duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age . 55 4.4.8 Qualitative approach of the influence of elastomeric material in childrens mouthing behaviour. 55 4.5 Toys intended vs not intend

16、ed to be mouthed . 58 4.5.1 General . 58 4.5.2 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed . 58 4.5.3 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age . 59 4.5.4 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed 60 4.5.5

17、Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age 60 4.5.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed 61 4.5.7 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age . 62 4.6 Toy categories 63 4.6.1 General . 63 4.

18、6.2 Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category 64 4.6.3 Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category . 65 4.7 Bite marks left on toys 66 4.8 Degree of salivation . 67 4.8.1 General . 67 4.8.2 Toys that contributed to high degrees of salivation 68 5 Estimations . 69 5.1 General . 69 5.2 Res

19、ults of ethnographic study 69 5.2.1 Time children are awake and not eating 69 5.2.2 Time children are in contact with toys . 71 5.3 Estimation formula 72 5.4 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys 72 5.4.1 General . 72 5.4.2 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys by age 73 5.5 Estimation o

20、f time children spend mouthing toys 74 5.5.1 General . 74 5.5.2 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys by age 75 6 Discussion 76 6.1 Frequency children mouthed toys 76 6.2 Time children spent mouthing toys . 77 6.3 Time available to mouth toys per day . 78 6.4 Type of mouthing 80 6.5 Elasto

21、meric toys 80 6.6 Toys intended and not intended to be mouthed . 80 6.7 Mouthing toys by categories . 80 6.8 Bite marks left on toys 81 6.9 Degree of salivation . 81 PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 4 7 Summary . 81 7.1 Introduction . 81 7.2 Literature review . 81 7.3 Design of the researc

22、h 82 7.4 Results 82 7.4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys . 82 7.4.2 Time spent mouthing toys 82 7.5 Estimations . 83 7.5.1 The frequency children mouthed toys . 83 7.5.2 Time spent mouthing toys 83 7.6 Childcare articles . 83 Annex A (informative) Summary of previous quantitative studies on childre

23、ns mouthing behaviour 84 Annex B (informative) Results of childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with childcare articles 92 B.1 Introduction . 92 B.2 Design of the research 92 B.3 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles . 96 B.4 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles 98 B.5 Type of m

24、outhing lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew 102 B.6 Childcare article category . 105 B.7 Summary . 105 Annex C (informative) Statistical results 107 C.1 Normal distribution test 107 C.2 Significance test 109 C.3 Mean weighted by year 123 C.4 Observational periods 128 Annex D (informative) Glossary of

25、 terms and definitions 130 Bibliography . 132 PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 5 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 16918:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 52 “Safety of toys”, the secretariat of which is held by DS. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some

26、of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 6 Introduction This CEN Technical Report presents the results of a European Study on “Child

27、rens mouthing behaviour in contact with toys”. The objective of the study was the measurement and quantification of the duration and frequency that children under 36 months introduce toys into their mouths spontaneously. It presents information about the literature review focused on childrens mouthi

28、ng behaviour, including commonly used methodologies in addition to a review of significant results from previous research. It also includes the design of the research; methodology; data on the children and toy sample; complete results obtained in the frequency and duration that children mouthed toys

29、 and estimated data on the time children under 36 months spend mouthing toys each day. Up to now, the study was the one with the largest sample (245 children and a total number of 1 680 observations) and the only one to be carried out in three different European countries (Germany, France and Spain)

30、. It was also the study with the highest representation of specific toys (54 different products) for children up to 36 months. In addition to the results on the mouthing behaviour with regard to toys, Annex B contains information concerning childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with childcare arti

31、cles. This informative annex is, however, just a first approach, and of limited value. Clause 7 of this CEN Technical Report contains a more detailed summary of the results of the European Study on “Childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with toys”. PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 7 1 Sc

32、ope This Technical Report presents the results of a European Study on “Childrens mouthing behaviour in contact with toys”. It provides statistical data on the duration and frequency that children under 36 months introduce toys into their mouths and estimated data on the time children under 36 months

33、 spend mouthing toys each day. Furthermore, it provides information on: the literature focused on childrens mouthing behaviour, including commonly used methodologies and significant results; the design and methodology of the study; the data on the children and toy sample; the forms used in data coll

34、ection. 2 Literature review 2.1 General Mouthing is an important component in childhood development. In early development, sucking provides essential nutrients in the form of breast or bottle-feeding, as well as a feeling of well-being and a sense of security (Juberg et al., 2001 1). If infants are

35、not allowed unrestricted breast-feeding, they will suck on a dummy, thumb (or other fingers), blanket, or toy (Groot et al., 1998 2). As children develop, mouthing behaviour, in combination with looking and touching, allows children to explore and investigate their environment. Mouthing behaviour de

36、velops into an exploratory behaviour in which objects are placed into the mouth for a few seconds for purposes of discovery. During this stage of development, children will put their hands, and any object that they come in contact with, into their mouths (Ruff, 1984 3; Ruff and Dubiner, 1987 4; Davi

37、s et al., 1995 5; Groot et al., 1998 2: Tulve et al., 2002 6). In the field of psychology, Freud named the stage between birth and 2 years of age the oral stage. This first stage of development is characterized by the physical aspects of sucking, encompassed by the mouth, tongue and lips. During the

38、 oral stage, it is common for children to have a persistent tendency to put whatever falls into their hands into their mouths. It is the means by which they express their need to experience the world through their mouths. The pleasurable activity of sucking, biting and chewing, means the child start

39、s to recognize objects and distinguish them as separate from himself. When a baby puts something in his mouth, he bites it with his gums, sucks it and moves it with his tongue. It is the first form of learning that children experience, as they begin to recognize textures, temperatures and forms thro

40、ugh mouthing. Furthermore, it benefits verbalization processes, chewing and teething. Teething is another reason that children will mouth fingers and objects. At this stage of development, mouthing alleviates the pain and discomfort associated with teething (Groot et al., 1998 2). Teething usually b

41、egins at 6 months to 8 months, but may start several months earlier or later. Teething continues in babies until approximately the age of 3. The first teeth to appear are usually the two bottom front teeth, also known as the lower front incisors. Between 4 weeks to 8 weeks later, they are followed b

42、y the four upper front teeth. About a month later, the lower lateral incisors appear. Next come the first molars, and then finally the canines. Most children have their 20 milk teeth (which are the first teeth to appear) when they reach three years of age. The commencement of teething is the most im

43、portant stage in babies mouthing. Young childrens urge to suck and mouth is a natural developmental phase. Sucking may be divided into two distinct behavioural types: nutritive and non-nutritive sucking (Turgeon-OBrien et al., 1995 7). PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 CEN/TR 16918:2015 (E) 8 Nutritive sucking i

44、s the instinctive need to feed. Non-nutritive sucking (e.g. sucking on a dummy/soother) is thought to be adopted by infants as a response to frustration, or as a need for contact, or as a part of the childs psychological development in exploring the world around them through touching and tasting obj

45、ects with the mouth and tongue (Norris and Smith, 2002 8). Research on the mouthing behaviour of children has usually concentrated on the psychological development of the act, being concerned with the cause and motivation behind mouthing. There is, however, a child safety issue concerned with the sa

46、fety of the items being placed into the mouths of young children. Some products, such as dummies, teething rings and bottle teats, are intended to be placed into the mouth. Unfortunately, products not intended for mouthing invariably end up in childrens mouths, as this is how young children explore

47、their world. Obviously, child safety is of paramount concern, and so products shall be as safe as possible, whether they are handled or placed into the mouth (Smith and Norris, 2003 9). This is the reason why there is an increasing focus on children in exposure and risk assessments, as they are more

48、 sensitive to environmental contaminants than adults (Silvers et al., 1994 10). All items that are placed into a childs mouth have the potential to be a mechanical hazard. The most obvious hazards are choking or suffocation, although there is a risk of any item becoming stuck in the mouth and the re

49、sultant trauma may be serious. There is also the risk of foreign body incidents where a child swallows an item, which may then cause harm to internal systems of the body (Norris and Smith, 2002 8). Because of their mouthing behaviour, children have a higher potential for exposure to available chemicals through the non-dietary ingestion route; thus, frequency of hand-to-mouth activity is an important variable for exposure assessments. Such data are limited and difficult to collect. Few published studies report such informat