BS ISO 9026-2007 Raw rubber or unvulcanized compounds - Determination of green strength《生橡胶或硫化化合物 原始强度的测定》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 9026:2007 Raw rubber or unvulcanized compounds Determination of green strength ICS 83.040.10; 83.060 BS ISO 9026:2007 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 58738 2 Nati

2、onal foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 9026:2007. It supersedes BS 903-A62:1993 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/22, Physical testing of rubber. A list of organizations represented on this committee can

3、be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication A

4、md. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 9026:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9026 Second edition 2007-07-01 Raw rubber or unvulcanized compounds Determination of green strength Caoutchouc brut ou mlanges de caoutchoucs non vulcaniss Dtermination de la cohsion cru BS ISO 9026:2007ii iii Contents

5、 Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Principle. 2 5 Apparatus 2 6 Test piece 5 7 Conditioning 6 8 Temperature of test 6 9 Procedure 6 10 Expression of results . 6 11 Test report . 7 BS ISO 9026:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Org

6、anization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establi

7、shed has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardizatio

8、n. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.

9、Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pat

10、ent rights. ISO 9026 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9026:1991), which has been revised to update the normative references (ISO 471, ISO 3383 and ISO 46

11、48 have been replaced by ISO 23529 and ISO 1796 by ISO 1795). In addition, the list of usable test pieces in 6.1 has been extended with the addition of the type 1A dumbbell and the text has been clarified in places. BS ISO 9026:2007v Introduction The stress-strain properties of unvulcanized rubber (

12、either a prepared mix or in the raw state) are important to certain processing operations in the rubber industry. These unvulcanized-rubber properties are frequently referred to as “green strength”, denoting that the final vulcanization cycle has not yet been achieved. The word “green” is thus a syn

13、onym for uncured or unvulcanized. Green strength is determined primarily by the physical and chemical characteristics of polymers, such as molecular mass, tendency to crystallize, degree of branching, etc. It is also related to the compound formulation, particularly filler and plasticizer content an

14、d the presence of peptizers. It is a particularly important characteristic for all processing operations in which elongation predominates, for example elongation caused by the expansion of the green tyre during the building operation. Green strength is dependent on the test piece preparation (therma

15、l, mechanical), rate of extension and test temperature. Therefore a single-point method cannot be expected to give correlation between green strength and processing behaviour over the whole range of processing conditions. BS ISO 9026:2007 blank1 Raw rubber or unvulcanized compounds Determination of

16、green strength WARNING Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health

17、practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions. CAUTION Certain procedures specified in this International Standard may involve the use or generation of substances, or the generation of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard. Reference should be made to

18、 appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the green strength of raw rubber or unvulcanized rubber compounds using a tensile stress-strain test, the test pieces being prepared following standard

19、test conditions or cut from calendered sheets. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any

20、amendments) applies. ISO 37, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of tensile stress-strain properties ISO 1795, Rubber, raw natural and raw synthetic Sampling and further preparative procedures ISO 2393, Rubber test mixes Preparation, mixing and vulcanization Equipment and procedures IS

21、O 5893:2002, Rubber and plastics test equipment Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of traverse) Specification ISO 23529:2004, Rubber General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods BS ISO 9026:20072 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes

22、of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 green strength resistance of raw or unvulcanized compounded rubber to tensile deformation or fracture and thereby a measure of the ability of a rubber or rubber compound to resist tensile distortion during processing and in fabrication

23、, e.g. tyre-building operations NOTE Several types of curve can be obtained, depending on the nature of polymer (see Figure 1). Usually, the green strength is expressed in terms of the yield stress or maximum stress. 4 Principle The tensile stress-strain characteristics of a dumbbell or other recomm

24、ended test piece of raw or unvulcanized compounded rubber are determined on a tensile-testing machine capable of maintaining a substantially constant rate of separation of the jaws. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Tensile-testing machine, complying with the requirements of ISO 5893:2002, class 2. It shall be capabl

25、e of maintaining a constant rate of separation of the jaws at the preferred value of 100 mm/min. Other values can be used for special purposes. It shall have means of measuring the force on the test piece and the increase in the distance between the gauge marks on the dumbbell. It shall be capable o

26、f recording the force/elongation curve obtained during the test. If an automatic extensometer is used, it shall be one of the non-contacting type. 5.2 Mould, which meets the requirements of ISO 2393. If the test piece with beaded ends (see 6.1) is required, a special grooved mould, capable of produc

27、ing a sheet 2 mm in thickness and 50 mm in length with a bead at both ends, as shown in Figure 2, shall be used. 5.3 Curing press, large enough to take the mould, meeting the requirements of ISO 2393. 5.4 Fixture, for holding the test piece in the test machine. For the test piece with beaded ends, t

28、he fixture shall possess a suitable slot for gripping the test piece without any damage or slippage (see Figure 3). BS ISO 9026:20073a) Type 1 b) Type 2 c) Type 3 Key X strain 1 , 2yield elongation maxmax. elongation Y stress 1yield stress maxmax. stress Figure 1 Typical tensile stress-strain curves

29、 BS ISO 9026:20074 Key 1 half mould (top view) 2 two cavities 3 adjusting bolt 4 stop 5 outflow grooves Figure 2 Mould for test piece with beaded ends Dimensions in millimetres Figure 3 Fixture with slot BS ISO 9026:20075 6 Test piece 6.1 Dimensions The recommended type of test piece is the one with

30、 beaded ends, of which the shape and dimensions are given in Figure 4. Dumbbell test pieces of type 1, type 1A or type 2 as specified in ISO 37 can also be used, in which case the ends of test pieces held in the grips can be protected by low-hardness vulcanized rubber, to avoid any damage. Since dif

31、ferent types of test piece do not necessarily give the same values, comparison of the results from different dumbbells shall be avoided. Dimensions in millimetres Figure 4 Dumbbell test piece with beaded ends 6.2 Preparation 6.2.1 General Standard test conditions shall be followed where determinatio

32、n of green strength of raw rubber or unvulcanized compounded rubber is to be made with no reference given to any particular process (see Clauses 7 to 9). Raw rubber shall be homogenized in accordance with ISO 1795. 6.2.2 Preparation of moulded test pieces Raw rubber and unvulcanized rubber shall be

33、sheeted out to approximately 2,2 mm thickness and placed in the mould with the grain direction oriented so as to have the grain direction along the length of the test pieces, care being taken that a suitable film is placed between the mould walls and the rubber compound in order to promote mould rel

34、ease. Polyester or PTFE film 0,25 mm thick has been found suitable. The sample shall be compressed for 5 min at 100 C under 2,5 MPa platen pressure, then removed after cooling to a chosen standard laboratory temperature under pressure. NOTE 1 For some raw rubbers, longer times or higher moulding tem

35、peratures can be necessary in order to obtain a smooth sheet free from porosity. For some compounds, a lower temperature can be necessary when there is a danger of scorch at the preferred temperature. NOTE 2 The cooling time depends on the apparatus used. BS ISO 9026:20076 The test piece shall be cu

36、t from the sheet using a suitable die. When it is necessary to characterize the behaviour of compounds intended to be used in a given application, the test pieces shall be prepared in such a way that the properties of the rubber are not altered. 6.2.3 Preparation of test pieces from calendered sheet

37、 The dumbbell test pieces shall be prepared directly by die-cutting the test pieces from a sheet calendered from 2 mm to 4 mm thickness. 6.3 Number of test pieces The test shall be carried out on at least five test pieces. 6.4 Measurement Thickness shall be measured, using a micrometer gauge, in acc

38、ordance with ISO 23529:2004, method A, with a pressure of 10 kPa 2 kPa on the rubber. The result shall be taken as the median of three measured values. The width shall be assumed to be equal to the width between the cutting edges of the central part of the die. 7 Conditioning After suitable preparat

39、ion, the test pieces shall be conditioned at the chosen standard laboratory temperature (see ISO 23529) for a fixed conditioning period between 24 h and 72 h. The same conditioning period shall be used throughout the test and throughout a series of tests intended to be comparable. 8 Temperature of t

40、est The test shall normally be carried out at the chosen standard laboratory temperature (see ISO 23529). Where other temperatures are used, take the preferred test temperatures as given in ISO 23529. The same temperature shall be used throughout the test and throughout a series of tests intended to

41、 be comparable. 9 Procedure After removal of the mould-release film, when applicable (see 6.2.2), insert test pieces with beaded ends in the fixture illustrated in Figure 3. Adjust the rate of displacement of the moving jaw to 100 mm/min and start the tensile test. If the test piece breaks at the gr

42、ips, that result shall be discarded and a retest carried out. NOTE The preferred rate of separation of the jaws is 100 mm/min. In special cases, other rates can be used, but only tests carried out at the same rate can be compared. 10 Expression of results Using the typical stress-strain curves given

43、 in Figure 1, determine the yield stress or maximum stress in megapascals. Other parameters can be determined, such as yield elongation ( 1 ), or the stress at a definite reference elongation corresponding to the deformation entailed by a subsequent processing operation. BS ISO 9026:20077 The stress

44、es are calculated from the initial cross-sectional area of the parallel-sided portion of the dumbbell. The stresses and elongation shall be calculated using the procedures and equations given in ISO 37. 11 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) sample details: 1) ful

45、l description of the sample and its origin, 2) method of preparation of the test pieces (i.e. time and temperature of moulding, if not standard conditions), 3) type and dimensions of test piece, 4) any relevant fact about the pre-test history of the test pieces; b) reference number of this Internati

46、onal Standard; c) test details: 1) standard temperature chosen, 2) time of conditioning, 3) rate of separation of the moving jaw, if not the preferred rate of 100 mm/min, 4) temperature of test, 5) number of test pieces tested if more than five, 6) details of any procedures not specified in this Int

47、ernational Standard; d) test results: the medians and ranges of all results (i.e. yield stress, maximum stress and, if applicable, yield elongation see Clause 10); e) date of the test. BS ISO 9026:2007BS ISO 9026:2007 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSI British Standards Institution BSI is

48、the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure

49、 that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400. BSI offers members an indivi