Can you pass the salt-.ppt
《Can you pass the salt-.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Can you pass the salt-.ppt(34页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、,“Can you pass the salt?”,Why Conversation Works (when it shouldnt) according to theorists Grice, Goffman, Brown, Levinson and Leech,A Level English Language,Grices Logic of Conversation,Conversation works - even when we dont say what we mean. Why it works so well fascinated philosopher Paul Grice.
2、He wondered about conversations such as this:Jack: Youve got a mountain to climb!Lily: Its better than a slap in the face. Grice wondered just how we make meaning out of such conversation.,Grices Logic of Conversation,Grice concluded that conversation must follow its own set of logical principles or
3、 rules. He worked out how, even when we dont mean what we say that the full pragmatic force of our utterance is easily understood, as in this third example:Lily: This bottles half empty already!Jack: Gosh - is that the time already?,Grices Insights,Communication is a co-operative activity: when two
4、people communicate, its in their interests to make the communication go as smoothly as possible in order to achieve their aims. Speakers behave in certain predictable ways. When we, as hearers, try to work out what someone means, we do it by assuming theyre being co-operative.,Grices Co-operative Pr
5、inciple,“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose and direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.”Conversation works only with the co-operation of its participants.Co-operation is built around a series of Gricean maxi
6、ms:,Quality Quantity,Manner Relation,Gricean Maxims 1. Quality,“Do not say what you believe to be false.” “Do not say that for which you lack evidence.”So when someone speaks to us, we assume: that what they say is not knowingly untruthful; that the truthfulness of what they say does not need to be
7、made stated.,Gricean Maxims 2. Quantity,“Make your contribution as informative as is required.” “Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.”So when someone speaks to us, we assume: they do not purposefully hold back anything that is important; they do not give more information
8、than is asked.,Gricean Maxims 3. Manner,“Be perspicuous.” “Avoid obscurity of expression.” “Avoid ambiguity.” “Be brief.” “Be orderly.”So when someone speaks to us, we assume: that what they say is being said as straightforwardly as they can say it.,Gricean Maxims 4. Relevance,“Be relevant.”So when
9、someone speaks to us , we assume: that what they say is relevant to the conversation.,The Gricean Maxims,Be true Be brief,Be clear Be relevant,In short, these maxims specify what the participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way: they should speak
10、sincerely, relevantly and clearly whilst providing sufficient information. Levinson (1983),The maxims in action,“How do I get to Sainsburys, mate?” “Go straight ahead, turn right at the school, then left at the bus stop on the hill.”Speaker A assumes that: B believes his directions to be genuine the
11、 maxim of quality; B believes the information to be sufficient the maxim of quantity; B believes the information to be clear the maxim of manner; B believes his directions are to Sainsburys the maxim of relation.,Not following the maxims,Grice recognised that whilst we could choose not to follow a m
12、axim, such a choice would be conscious and consequential. A speaker can choose toviolate a maxim and be intentionally misleading. opt out of a maxim and refuse to co-operate. deal with a clash of maxims, for instance, between saying enough and saying all that we know to be true. flout a maxim and be
13、 intentionally ironic.,Violating a Maxim,In this BBC interview between Jeremy Paxman and Michael Howard, the leader of the opposition violates the maxim of relation by not giving an answer that relates to the question:Paxman: Did you threaten to overrule? Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek
14、 Lewis and I did not instruct him. Paxman: Did you threaten to overrule him? Howard: The truth of the matter is that.,Opting out,Here, Paxman asks the Prime Minister a question; the minister opts out of the maxim of relation:Paxman: “When will war become inevitable?”PM: “Well I know you have to ask
15、that question but its the kind of question I cannot answer.”,Flouting,This is the most important use of Grices maxims. Unlike violating, flouting a maxim allows a speaker to signal that although they seem to be violating a maxim, they are still co-operating.,Which leads us very nicely on to Grices k
16、ey idea of “Implicature”,“Mmm Donuts” “Homie, those pants look awful tight to me.”,Conversational Implicature Gricean Pragmatics knowing what isnt said,What Grice called implicature occurs when a speaker chooses to flout a maxim.The listener, assuming that the speaker still intends being cooperative
17、, looks for meaning other than that which is said.The intended meaning will be arrived at through the speaker working out the pragmatic force of the utterance rather than its semantic sense.,Implicature Flouting the maxim of quantity,A: I hear you went to the theatre last night; what play did you se
18、e? B: Well, I watched a number of people stand on the stage in Elizabethan costumes uttering series of sentences which corresponded closely with the script of Twelfth Night.Here, Bs verbose answer, although it doesnt say anything more than “I saw a performance of Twelfth Night,” invites A to infer t
- 1.请仔细阅读文档,确保文档完整性,对于不预览、不比对内容而直接下载带来的问题本站不予受理。
- 2.下载的文档,不会出现我们的网址水印。
- 3、该文档所得收入(下载+内容+预览)归上传者、原创作者;如果您是本文档原作者,请点此认领!既往收益都归您。
下载文档到电脑,查找使用更方便
2000 积分 0人已下载
下载 | 加入VIP,交流精品资源 |
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- CANYOUPASSTHESALTPPT
