托福-12 (1)及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-12 (1)及答案解析(总分：152.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part 1(总题数：1，分数：6.50)American Race to the MoonThe roots of Americas plan to land a man on the moon can be found outside of the country. Although never directly mentioned in its official motto, the National Aeronautics and Space Administra

2、tion (NASA) was established as a direct result of the Soviet space programs successful launching of Sputnik 1, the first man-made satellite, on October 4th, 1957. The U.S. Congress, worrying that the country was about to lose its technological edge over the rest of the world, demanded drastic action

3、. Dwight D. Eisenhower, then president, waited only a few months before creating a new government agency responsible for all non-military activity in space. On July 29th, 1958, the president signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA. The outside world continued to have an effect.

4、The technology initially used by NASA came in large part from the German rocket program of the Second World War. Wernher von Braun, who was recruited by the Americans at the end of the war, is today considered the father of the United States space program.NASA began operations on October 1st, 1958,

5、and was made up of four laboratories as well as about eight thousand employees from the already 43-year-old National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The history of the new organization can be divided into various phases, each related to a specific program. The first experiments undertaken as par

6、t of Program Mercury were designed simply to discover if humans could actually survive a round-trip voyage into space. This involved the construction of 20 spacecraft, each large enough to hold one astronaut. On a very basic level, NASA needed to test what worked and what didnt. They made numerous u

7、nmanned launches, many of them resulting in explosions, as well as four separate launch attempts that included small creatures. The first was a small monkey. By 1961, NASAs Program Mercury successfully placed Alan Shepard into space, but for only fifteen minutes.This milestone quickly led to the Apo

8、llo Project. The initial idea was to get a human close to the Moon, but not actually on it. There were too many unknowns about the surface of the Moon to plan a safe landing. On February 20th, 1962, John Glenn piloted the Friendship 7 for five hours in orbit around the Earth. NASA had finally learne

9、d how to get a human into space, and most importantly, keep him there. This was the crucial step necessary: they had created the ability to stay in space long enough to really figure out what to do there. The objectives of the mission changed drastically, however, when President John E Kennedy told

10、the nation on May 25th, 1961, that America would instead focus on a manned mission to and from the Moon, and that these missions would be possible by the end of the decade. (A) Many people worried about the money that would be spent, feeling that it would be better used for other purposes. (B) Other

11、s continued to see the program in relation to the rest of the world. (C) They worried that NASA did not seem to have any valuable military use and openly questioned the idea of spending money on rockets that could not be used to defend the country. (D) Kennedy managed to convince both sides of the p

12、rojects benefits. He assured people that the mission would provide jobs and resources to different states throughout the country as well as specific advances in rocket technology. Kennedy stressed the value of dual-use technology, which could be used for both military and non- military purposes.Inst

13、ead of sending a person to space and back again, which required only one lift-off from Earth followed by a landing, the Apollo Project now entailed an Earth lift-off, followed by a landing on the Moon, another lift-off, and then a final Earth landing. The Gemini Program, therefore, was created to co

14、llect information and perfect techniques that would make the Apollo Project possible. Using a series of eleven orbital flights, NASA was able to show that humans could survive in space for days and that two separate vehicles could meet and join while in orbit. It took eight years and numerous attemp

15、ts before NASA finally reached its goal. On July 20th, 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Nell Armstrong, members of the Apollo Project, became the first humans to walk on the surface of the Moon.（分数：6.50）(1).The word “roots“ in the passage could best be replaced by（分数：0.50）A.reasons.B.beginnings.C.successes.D.t

16、argets.(2).The author includes the last sentence in paragraph 1 in order to（分数：0.50）A.present a summary of the information found in the passage.B.explain the drawbacks of a specific set of actions.C.describe the events leading up to a change in foreign policy.D.provide an example of the contribution

17、s of non-Americans.(3).The phrase “official motto“ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.general purpose.B.mission statement.C.government policy.D.secret document.(4).According to paragraph 1, the American space program（分数：0.50）A.was started by President Kennedy.B.was established out of

18、fear.C.was staffed only with Americans.D.was successful in its launch of Sputnik.(5).It is implied in paragraph 2 that（分数：0.50）A.NASA experienced many failures prior to a small success.B.the technology made by the German scientists was unstable.C.Americans had almost no experience with building airc

19、raft.D.the research resulted in the loss of numerous astronauts.(6).The word “initial“ in the passage could best be replaced by（分数：0.50）A.indented.B.former.C.original.D.suggeste(7).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.The reaction to the pre

20、sidents decision was mixed.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A.()B.()C.()D.()(8).The word “it“ in the passage refers to（分数：0.50）A.idea.B.human.C.project.D.Moon.(9).According to the passage, why was John Glenns flight considered so successful?（分数：0.50）A.It was the first time a rocket had rea

21、ched orbit and returned.B.NASA had finally learned how to stay in orbit for a long time.C.The astronauts were able to move outside the spacecraft.D.He was able to land on the Moons surface for the first tim(10).Which-of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sente

22、nce in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.He promised that the project would give jobs to people across America and help to create scientific breakthroughs.B.He promised that the project would take a lot of work from many

23、 different people and that technology needed to be improved.C.He promised that the jobs related to the project would help to create new technology all over the country.D.He promised that the project would help to create a lot of new employment opportunities related to special types of rockets.(11).I

24、t is NOT true according to the passage that（分数：0.50）A.the government always had the support of the public.B.the space program changed a lot after Kennedys announcement.C.the Russians started the space program in the lead.D.the astronaut John Glenn was the first American to orbit in spac(12).The word

25、 “entailed“ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.involved.B.established.C.reserved.D.enliste(13).Directions: NASA had various programs leading up to and including its successful landing on the Moon. Complete the table by matching the appropriate program with the facts. This question is

26、worth 3 points.（分数：0.50）_三、Part 2(总题数：2，分数：12.50)MannerismIn the wake of the High Renaissance, European art seemed to have no frontiers left to explore. Mannerism, the style characteristic of the Late Renaissance, filled the gap between the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The style broke from the b

27、alanced beauty of the Renaissance and reflected the turmoil and confusion of Europe during the 16th century. At that time the Reformation threatened the authority of the Catholic Church, and the Churchs rigorous response cast a suspicious eye toward anything new. The uniqueness of Mannerist art may

28、be seen as an attempt by the artists of Rome, Florence, and Mantua to free themselves of not only political and religious oppression but also the oppression of the Renaissance masters perfection.While the artists of the High Renaissance pursued grace, beauty, and harmony, Mannerist artists did not s

29、eem to be interested in their predecessors sensibilities. Using Renaissance techniques and materials, the mannerists rendered contorted and exaggerated figures often in improbable poses. They used strange colors in deliberately unrealistic perspective with themes that included both Christianity and

30、bizarre mythological symbolism. While neither explicitly heretical nor abstract by modern standards, Mannerist art suggested an odd spirit and became popular not only in Italy but in many parts of Europe.Rosso Fiorentino typifies Mannerist art in his subtly disturbing style. For example, saints who

31、are gracefully depicted in High Renaissance art often seem tired in Rossos work. (A) His choices in composition, form, and color also seem unsettling compared to typical Renaissance work. In Rossos masterpiece, The Descent from the Cross, the wind blows across the clothing of frantic figures as they

32、 bring down the body of Christ. (B) In the foreground, however, there is no evidence of wind at all on the mourners calm, stiff clothing. (C) Notably, all of these figures avert their gaze from the viewer except one woman. (D)Rossos contemporary, Jacopo da Pontormo, executed the same theme in a some

33、what less dramatic fashion. The Deposition from the Cross, which is considered one of his best works, features oddly posed figures clothed in vividly contrasting blues and reds. Pontormo depicts impossible perspective, spatial depth and lighting in the painting. The lighting from the right does not

34、seem especially unusual until one considers a cloud in the sky, which is lit from the left. Such peculiar visual devices of modeling, color, perspective, and lighting characterize Pontormos work as well as Mannerist art in general.Perhaps the best-known Mannerist, El Greco departed the most from the

35、 Renaissance periods clarity, harmony, and beauty. His brushwork was not as sharp as that of the High Renaissance masters, evoking more primitive as well as more modern styles. El Greco is known for his fantastical compositions, including distorted figures and colors that seemed to leap off the pain

36、ting surface. His work was so strange that people wondered if he was visually impaired or mentally disturbed. El Grecos work was sometimes moving, but it was also troubling with the intense religious themes and mysterious symbolism.Mannerist art was not just a reflection of the 16th-century Europes

37、troubles; it was considered a response to the seemingly unsurpassable idealism of the High Renaissance. The Mannerists subtly sought to stimulate the mind, not to inspire religious feelings and actions as most Renaissance art did. The style produced exciting manipulation of form, color, light, persp

38、ective, and theme that was indeed appreciated by contemporary intellectuals. Although it was and still is criticized by some as a corruption of Renaissance classicism, Mannerism in fact inspired the emotion of the Baroque period that followed. Moreover, the Mannerists deliberate movement away from o

39、bserved reality was the first step toward the abstraction of later styles such as Surrealism, Fauvism, and Cubism.（分数：6.50）(1).The word “rigorous“ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.disorderly.B.strict.C.traditional.D.irrational.(2).According to paragraph 2, which of the following doe

40、s NOT characterize Mannerist art?（分数：0.50）A.Emphasis on beauty and grace.B.Renaissance technical methods.C.Disharmonious color schemes.D.Unrealistic figures.(3).According to paragraph 3, which of the following contributes to the disturbing effect of Rossos masterpiece?（分数：0.50）A.Stylistic similarity

41、 to High Renaissance art.B.Graceful image of saints.C.Impossible effects of light.D.Unnatural presence of win(4).The word “avert“ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.place down.B.turn away.C.hide out.D.move back.(5).The word “vividly“ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.d

42、istastefully.B.moderately.C.strikingly.D.successfully.(6).According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT true of Pontormos work?（分数：0.50）A.Conventional perspective is used to emphasize his subject.B.Interesting color combinations draw the viewers attention.C.There are unrealistic effects of

43、 light and spatial relationship.D.The style is consistent with Mannerism.(7).The author mentions Pontormo in order to（分数：0.50）A.contrast his inferior execution with the skillful technique of Rosso.B.detail the peculiar painting techniques of High Renaissance artists.C.offer an additional example who

44、 differed from High Renaissance artists.D.show evidence of a painting style that would inspire future art movements.(8).According to paragraph 5, El Grecos art（分数：0.50）A.exemplified the primitive aspects of Mannerism.B.included various unusual and remarkable techniques.C.used materials not common to

45、 Renaissance painting.D.used symbolism to subtly challenge religious authority.(9).It can be inferred from the passage that El Greco（分数：0.50）A.was more successful than his Mannerist peers.B.was supported by some lovers of High Renaissance art.C.influenced the artists of the Baroque period.D.was hard

46、 to define in a wor(10).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.The Mannerists subtly undermined the Churchs authority

47、 instead of serving it through the traditions of Renaissance art.B.The Mannerists helped advance art beyond simple religious purposes toward the trend that would appreciate reason and science.C.Instead of inspiring spiritual awe, the Mannerists broke with Renaissance conventions to pioneer a new poi

48、nt of view.D.The Mannerists wanted to fascinate viewers in a way that conventional religious art did not.(11).The word “that“ in the passage refers to（分数：0.50）A.style.B.manipulation.C.theme.D.intellectuals.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the p

49、assage.This unusual treatment is not the only thing that differentiates Rosso from many of his predecessors.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A. ()B. ()C. ()D. ()(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because t