大学四级-1929及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1929 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.现代人越来越重视健康2. 饮食好和睡眠好才能保持健康3. 坚持锻炼对健康也十分重要（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)“This job is killing me!“ That statement may seem to be an exaggeration, but in looking closely at the work environment, it has become appare

2、nt there is a serious problem affecting the productivity of organizations. This problem has been coined “professional suicide“, by a company which was among the first to become aware of the problem.Professional suicide, a widespread but rarely studied phenomenon is costing companies not only dollars

3、 and cents, but the talents and skills of many bright and creative key employees. The syndrome (症状) affects the talented hard-driving employees with strong accomplishment needs. Those who are most likely to be affected are good employees who constantly operate in a crisis situation because of manage

4、ments lack of planning or leadership. These initially highly-motivated employees begin the suicidal process within three to five years after developing a solid record within the organization. The despair of not achieving what they want in what seems by now to be an absolutely hopeless situation has

5、begun to influence their self-confidence.These upwardly mobile employees suddenly reverse course. Their work begins to become worse. They lose interest and fail to keep up with new on-the-job developments. They develop physical complaints and seem unable to change this downward trend. Sometimes they

6、 take another job beneath their capabilities. Many times they do things they surely know they will be fired for doing. In short, in many ways they rapidly and illogically destroy their careers and sometimes themselves.What causes this apparent self-destruction? It is the result of a battle between s

7、pecific characteristics of both the individual and the organizational environment. In the individual, problems have arisen in the satisfaction of basic needs common to all human beings. These basic needs described by Maslow as the “Hierarchy (等级) of Human Needs“ are recognition and a sense of self-r

8、espect, growth and development, a sense of purpose and a structure from which to view the world. When people are unable to meet these needs in the organization, they leave or become inefficient because theyre frustrated.A frequent cause of professional suicide is that the behavior required for survi

9、val demands unacceptable violations of a persons values. Not being able to be totally frank with individuals on projects is one example. On projects, the rule is that team effort is expected, but in the end, individuals arent rewardedthe team is king. If an individual works only in team efforts, the

10、y will seldom receive individual recognition. This lack of individual recognition begins to affect their egos and self-respect.If the way to survive in an organization requires individuals to lie or to be deceptive, they will either avoid doing what it takes to get ahead in that organization, or do

11、what it takes and feel guilty when they survive and progress. The degree to which the situation degrades, devalues, or shames the person is highly individual.The organizational characteristics that create professional suicide are in direct opposition to basic individual needs. These characteristics

12、become obvious by managements lack of setting specific goals and objectives or the “rules of the game“ are confusing. Evaluation, feedback and individual performance reviews are carelessly managed or ineffective. Reward systems based on organizational resuks are non- existent or poorly defined. Anxi

13、ety, competition and guilt, rather than a reward system are used as motivators.This lack of clear communication provides a powerful scapegoat (替罪羊) for managerial incompetence. If employees in lower positions get into trouble when tasks were poorly defined, they take the blame, after all, they were

14、toldalbeit the communication was confusing.Dr. Donald W. Cole, author of Professional Suicide, a Survival Kit for You and Your Job (1981, McGraw-Hill) conducted a study of corporate life. The style of corporate leadership he identified as necessary for keeping people healthy and productive offered a

15、 clear vision for the futureengage the employees in goal setting and planning; provide performance evaluations on a regular basis along with recognition and rewards. This style of management may seem self-evident as a good one, but it has proven remarkably difficult to convince many companies to imp

16、lement it.It has long been known that people need to have a sense of direction. People need to have the security to anticipate what is going to occur as a result of the actions they plan to take or have taken. They need to know if what they are doing is important and valued. And finally, they want t

17、o have a sense of belonging to an organization that provides opportunity for growth and development.When management doesnt provide adequate information for employees to anticipate probable outcomes, anxiety follows. Employees need to have feedback to stimulate growth and development. Without feedbac

18、k, people begin assuming the worst and the anxiety that results from it leads to reactive behavior, which is actually a protective response. This protective behavior occurs so the employee can survive in what she/he perceives as an unfriendly environment.Thus, the once bright and creative employee r

19、etires in place merely making no progress until official retirement. The cycle of productive decay is the deterioration (恶化) of the very skills companies need to stop the circle of productivity loss. These employees figuratively and literally get into a cycle of personal and professional suicide.The

20、 threat posed by professional suicide to the employee and its equally dangerous threat to the organization is obviousindividuals lose their careers and the organization not only loses its best employees, but also leads to the expense of replacing them, which is estimated to be approximately $60,000

21、per person. In some organizations, this could mean the difference between success and failure.In order to prevent employees and the organizational structure from the suicidal cycle, hiring practices need to look for managers and leaders with vision and the ability to set goals and define a purpose.

22、Communication, feedback, support and encouragement provide a sense of personal worth and freedom from working overload.（分数：70.00）(1).How does professional suicide affect many bright and creative key employees?A. It causes anxiety and shames.B. It lowers their standard of living.C. It destroys their

23、talents and skills.D. It influences their self-confidence.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).When do these highly-motivated employees begin the suicidal process?A. Shortly after they take a job beneath their capabilities.B. Shortly after they fail to keep up with new on-the-job developments.C. Within three to fiv

24、e years after achieving what they want in their companies.D. Within three to five years after developing a solid record in their organizations.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The employees apparent self-destruction results from a battle between _. A. the sense of self-respect and the sense of developmentB. the

25、 survival demands and peoples potential capabilitiesC. the different social needs of the employees and the leadersD. the specific characteristics of the individual and organizational environment（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).When the “Hierarchy of Human Needs“ are not met in the organization, people will _. A

26、. leave and become inefficientB. find a post in another companyC. become frustrated and cowardlyD. destroy their career（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What will affect peoples egos and self-respect when they work only in team efforts?A. The lack of interpersonal communication.B. The lack of individual recognit

27、ion.C. The loss of hope and future plans.D. The loss of confidence and creativity.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the passage, the organizational characteristics that create professional suicide include all of the following EXCEPT _.A. non-existent or poorly defined reward systemsB. unacceptable v

28、iolations of a persons valuesC. competition rather than .a reward used as motivatorsD. ineffective evaluation and individual performance review（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).What should be done in hiring practices to prevent employees and organizations from the suicidal cycle?A. Raising the salaries of manage

29、rs and employees.B. Improving working environment and welfares.C. Attaching great importance to employees needs.D. Hiring managers and leaders with vision and competence.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Dr. Donald W. Cole identified _ as necessary for keeping people healthy and productive.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Pe

30、ople want to have a sense of belonging to an organization that provides opportunity for _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).The professional suicide not only causes the organization to lose its best employees but also leads to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A

31、. The woman should go on a diet.B. The woman doesnt look as healthy as before.C. The woman should gain more weight to be healthy.D. The woman doesnt need to worry about the gained weight.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Because she got up too late.B. Because she missed the bus.C. Because the bus broke down.

32、D. Because the bus came late.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Because she doesnt understand his words. B. Because she cant speak his language.C. Because she is in a hurry at that time. D. Because she is not familiar with the place.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. At 10:50. B. At 11:00.C. At 11:10. D.At 11:20.（分数：7.00

33、）A.B.C.D.(5).A. Because he wants to arrange an appointment with Dr. Jones.B. Because he wants to ensure his appointment with Dr. Jones.C. Because he wants to cancel his appointment with Dr. Jones.D. Because he wants to inquire about Dr. Jones schedule.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 21 are based on

34、 the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. Taking notes in class. B. How they did in an exam.C. History in 1918. D. How to get high marks in exams.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He was clear about the answers. B. There would be no marks for outlines.C. He had no time. D. He noted down some poin

35、ts.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The two speakers are very upset about the exam.B. The two speakers dont lose heart about the exam.C. Neither of the two speakers finished the exam.D. Neither of the two speakers did a similar question before.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. They are a waste of time. B. They are too

36、 expensive.C. They are great fun. D. They are worthwhile.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Life at a secondary school. B. The shops nearby.C. Project for Economics. D. Researches and surveys.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A.

37、He traveled to the same shops.B. He didnt use a questionnaire.C. He interviewed the people who looked friendly.D. He cheated in the statistics.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Supermarkets. B. Pubs.C. Clubs. D. Cafes.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. They will go to shops together.B. They will do the Project for Econo

38、mics together.C. They will interview the local people.D. They will write a short report.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. To make a TV advertisement for the air company.B. To show the advantages of

39、traveling by plane.C. To inform how to keep the plane environment clean.D. To inform air passengers of their safeness from flu virus.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Persuasive.B. Doubtful.C. Demanding. D. Indifferent.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Using hand sanitizers and soaps in lavatories.B. Covering your mout

40、h when you are coughing.C. Equipping air-cleaning machines in public buildings.D. Staying at home when you dont feel well.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. Art works. B. Architectures.C. Manufactured products. D. Diamonds and

41、 jewelries.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. $13 million. B. $30 million.C. $35 million.D. $13 billion.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. $13 million.B. $30 million.C. $35 million. D. $350 million.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Money can onl

42、y influence responses to emotional pain.B. Money can only influence responses to physical pain.C. Money can hardly influence responses to emotional or physical pain.D. Money can influence responses to both emotional and physical pain.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Put their hands in cold water.B. Put their

43、 hands in hot water.C. Report their feelings to the researcher.D. Throw the dollar bills away.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. How the subjects handled being excluded.B. How much self-respect the subjects had.C. Whether money had anything to do with the mental responses of the subjects.D. How the mental resp

44、onses of the subjects changed in different situations.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. The results of the studies were convincing.B. The ways the studies were done were strange.C. The subjects of the studies were not reliable.D. The researchers of the studies were not objective enough.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Sect

45、ion C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)The Internet is a global system of inter-connected computer networks to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that (36) of millions of private, public, business, (37) and government networks of local to global (38) that are linked by a broad amount of el

46、ectronic and optical (光纤的) networking (39) . The Internet carries a vast amount of information (40) and services.Most traditional communications (41) , such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or (42) using the technologies of the Internet, giving (43) to services such as Voice over I

47、nternet. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into websites and blogs. (44) .The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust and distributed computer networks. (45) . It led to the commercialization of an

48、international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. (46) .（分数：77.00）(1).The Internet is a global system of inter-connected computer networks to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a networ

49、k of networks that (36) of millions of private, public, business, (37) and government networks of local to global (38) that are linked by a broad amount of electronic and optical (光纤的) networking (39) . The Internet carries a vast amount of information (40) and services.Most traditional communications (41) , such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or (42) using the technologies of t