大学四级-1659及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1659 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Although it is convenient and enjoyable to own a car, people have to suffer troubles caused by traffic jam_.2. Considering causes of the problem, measures could be taken by the local government in the following aspects_.3. With a

2、sound transportation system_,（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Testing TimesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws may increase the number of experiments needed. The current situationIn an ideal world, people would not perform experiment

3、s on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For the animals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection from the toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, t

4、he European Commission is forging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the European Union, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the unions borders in the past 25 years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 c

5、hemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of these to be examined right away, and plans to spend between 4 billion 8 billion ($5 billion10 billion) doing so. The number of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple (翻五倍) from just over lm a year to

6、 about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment, roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs and vaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal ex

7、perimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the search for substitutes continues, and last weekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to review progress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liv

8、er-the organ responsible for breaking toxic chemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told the meeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances for long-term toxic effects. One way ou

9、t of the problemPrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substance under investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in their microanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures r

10、egularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cell numbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical in question is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs

11、(and, in the case of PrimeCyte, food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those 140,000 screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by 2009, when the commission proposes that testing shou

12、ld start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed an artificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelixs researchers, the firms cultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural

13、 lung linings, and respond in the same way to various chemical messengers. Dr. Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airborne chemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based

14、in Berlin, is developing an artificial human lymph node (淋巴结) which, it reckons, could have prevented the neardisastrous consequences of a drag trial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drag having passed animal tests) six men suffered multiple organ failure and nearly died. The

15、drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive. Such a response would, the firms scientists reckon, nave teen identified by their lymph node, which is made from cells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGens lymph node could thus work better than animal testing.A sec

16、ond alternativeAnother way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be to change the way that vaccines are tested, according to Coenraad Hendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, all batches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. Dr. Hendriksen argues tha

17、t this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine cultures are made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if a batch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that it need be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which it is derived. That would requi

18、re fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs, vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells rather than live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see is how the use of animals might be banished from fundamental r

19、esearch. Weighing the balanceIn basic scientific research, where the object is to understand how, say, the brain works rather than to develop a drug to treat brain disease, the whole animal is often necessarily the object of study. Indeed, in some cases, scientific advances are making animal tests m

20、ore valuable, rather than less. Geneticmodification techniques mean that mice and rats can be remodelled to make them exhibit illnesses that they would not normally suffer from. Also, genes for human proteins can be added to them, so that animal tests will more closely mimic human responses. This of

21、fers the opportunity to understand human diseases better, and to screen treatments before human trials begin. However, the very creation of these mutants (突变异种) counts as an animal experiment in its own right, so the number of experiments is increasing once again.What is bad news for rodents, though

22、, could be good news for primates. Apes and monkeys belong to the same group of mammals as humans, and are thus seen as the best subjects for certain sorts of experiment. To the extent that rodents can be “humanised“, the number of primate experiments might be reduced.Some people, of course, would l

23、ike to see them eliminated altogether, regardless of the effect on useful research. On June 6th the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, an animal-rights group, called for the use of primates in research to be banned. For great apes, this has already happened. Britain, Austria, the Nether

24、lands, New Zealand and Sweden have ended experiments on chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos and orang-utans. Experiments on monkeys, though, are still permitted. And some countries have not banned experiments on apes. In America, for example, about 1,000 chimpanzees a year are used in research.This is a

25、difficult area. Great apes are mans closest relatives, having parted company from the human family tree only a few million years ago. Hence it can be (and is) argued that they are indispensable for certain sorts of research. On the other hand, a recent study by Andrew Knight and his colleagues at An

26、imal Consultants International, an animal-advocacy group, casts doubt on the claim that apes are used only for work of vital importance to humanity. Important papers tend to get cited as references in subsequent studies, so Mr. Knight looked into the number of citations received by 749 scientific pa

27、pers published as a result of invasive experiments on captive chimpanzees. Half had received not a single citation up to ten years after their original publication.That is damning. Animal experiments are needed for the advance of medical science, not to mention peoples safety. But if scientists are

28、to keep the sympathy of the public, they need to do better than that.（分数：70.00）(1).The passage summarizes harmful effects of animal experiment. However, as animal experiment is indispensable in a number of areas, it might not be stopped or replaced by other alternatives.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Animal ex

29、periments are needed in research to find new drugs and vaccines, and to find ways of protection from the toxicity of chemicals.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).It is predicted by experts that the number of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will quintuple due to a plan to have a large variety of chemica

30、l tested.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).People are trying to find alternatives to animal testing, and they started with liver.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).PrimeCyte and Pfizer began to find alternatives to animal testing because they were advocates of animal protection.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).It is found that tissues from

31、liver, lung, and immune system can all be tested independently of animals.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Although there is more than one alternative to animal experiment, there is still concern over how to eliminate animal testing in fundamental research.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).In basic scientific research, the ob

32、ject is to understand how, say, the brain works rather than to develop a drug to _ brain disease.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Indeed, in some cases, scientific advances are making animal tests（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Recently, an animal-advocacy group casts doubt on the scientists claim that apes are used only f

33、or（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.She accepts it.B.She rejects it.C.She tells him to decide for himself.D.She will think about it.A.Catch a bus.B.Demand a telephone number.

34、C.Cash a check.D.Make a phone call.A.His relation with the woman comes to an end.B.He is going to take an air trip.C.He is expressing his gratefulness.D.He feels ashamed to ask for excuse.A.She thinks its too far from her home.B.She likes new working environment.C.She doesnt like the company she is

35、working with.D.She wants to save money for a journey.A.$1.00.B.$5.00.C.$0.75.D.$3.25.A.It is appropriate.B.It is too informal.C.It is normal.D.It is too formal.A.Roses new husband is a writer.B.The man shouldnt believe everything he read.C.Appearances are often deceiving.D.She likes Roses new husban

36、ds book.A.She saw an ad. in the newspaper.B.She learned about it from a friend.C.She heard about it during a television interview.D.She saw it on a list of job openings.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.In a hotel.B.In a restaurant.C.In a hospital.D.In

37、a shop.A.Shampoo.B.Bath-foam.C.Shower hat.D.Comb.A.Remove it.B.Replace it.C.Press a button.D.Not mentioned.A.A book.B.A remote controller.C.A mini-bar.D.A pencil.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.In a hotel.B.In a restaurant.C.In a hospital.D.In a shop.

38、A.Because her friend asked her to buy one.B.Because she wanted to buy one.C.Because she wanted to give it as a gift to her friend.D.Because she wanted to apologize to her friend.A.$60.00.B.$40.00.C.$48.00.D.$54.00.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you

39、have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.110,000.B.1.2 million.C.One million.D.Over a thousand.A.Heart disease and lung cancer.B.Heart disease and increased blood pressure.C.Increased blood pressure and lung cancer.D.Increased heart rate and lung cancer.A.It is a powerful and fast-acting drug.B.It causes the fam

40、iliar yellow and brown stain.C.Increased heart rate, and blood disease.D.Increased heart rate, and blood pressure.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.A barber and businessman.B.A broadcaster.C.A businessman and broadcaster.D.A barber and broadcaster

41、.A.He sent her to the University of Tennessee.B.He got her a job as a broadcaster.C.He gave her the discipline she needed.D.He taught her speech and performing arts.A.She was Americas first African-American broadcaster.B.Ordinary people loved her.C.She dealt with very personal issues in a frank and

42、honest way.D.She was a star in the film The Color Purple.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Make long road or rail tunnels safer.B.Make long road or rail tunnels easier.C.Make long road or rail tunnels quicker.D.Make long road or rail tunnels mor

43、e efficient.A.41.B.410.C.14.D.214.A.It runs on a monorail.B.It can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel.C.It is in position in the middle of the tunnel,D.It can take quick action.A.Detect the smoke quickly.B.Take quick action.C.Close the tunnel.D.Install a Robogat.六、Section C(总题数

44、：1，分数：77.00)Language is an amazing phenomenon. Speech the (36) of sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human action. Like any other (37) repeated actions, speaking has to be learned. But once it is learned, it becomes a generally (38) and apparently automatic process.As far as we can (39) , human b

45、eings do not need to be forced to speak. Most babies seem to (40) a sort of instinctive drive to produce (41) noises. How to speak and what to say are another matter (42) . These actions are learned from file particular society in which the baby is born; so that, like ail conduct and (43) that is le

46、arned from a society from the people around us speech is a patterned activity.(44) into a few orderly patterns, accepted as meaningful by the people around him.(45) However, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is encouraged o make a small selection of sounds.(46) （分数：77.00）填空项 1:_

47、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)What is suburbanization? If by “suburb“ is meant an urban (47) that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during

48、the (48) of the industrial city in the second quarter of the 19th century. Before that period the city was a small highly (49) cluster in which people move about on foot and goods were (50) by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830s and 1840s were (51) along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the pr