【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-10及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-10 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1) in World War I1 and the people they liberated,

2、 the GI. was the (2) man grown into hero, the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3) all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4) of 1hod and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a vohmteer soldier, not som

3、eone well paid, (5) an average guy, up (6) the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much. GI. is just a military abbreviation (7) Govermnent Issue, and it was on all of the article (8) to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)

4、 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrae. a working class name.The United States has (10) had a president or vieepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI. Joe had a (11) career fighting Geman, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12) of American personalities, in the 1945 movie Th

5、e Story of GL Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13) portrayde themselves in the fihn. Pyle was famous for covering the (14) side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15) or what towns were captured o

6、r liberated. His reports (16) the “willie“ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17) the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18) of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19) Egypt, France, and a d

7、ozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20) the most important person in their lives.（分数：10.00）(1).A performed B served C rebelled D betrayed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A actual B common C special D normal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A bore B cased C removed D loaded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A necessi

8、ties B facilities C commodities D properties（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A and B nor C but D hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A for B into C form D against（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A meaning B implying C symbolizing D claiming（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A handed out B turn over C brought back D passed down（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9)

9、.A pushed B got C made D managed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A ever B never C either D neither（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A disguised B disturbed C disputed D distinguished（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A company B collection C community D colony（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A employed B appointed C interviewed D questioned（分数：0

10、.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A ethical B military C political D human（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A ruined B commuted C patrolled D gained（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A paralleled B counteracted C duplicated D contradicted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A neglected B avoided C emphasized D admired（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A stages B illus

11、ions C fragments D advances（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A With B To C Among D Beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A on the contrary B by this means C from the outset D at that point（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cultural responses to modernization

12、 often manifest themselves in the mass media. For example, Aldous Huxley, in Brave New World, created a fictional world in which he cautioned readers that modern science and technology posed a threat to individual dignity. Charlie Chaplins film Modern Times, set in a futuristic manufacturing plant,

13、also told the story of the dehumanizing impact of modernization and machinery. Writers and artists, in their criticisms of the modern world, often point to technologys ability to alienate people from one another, capitalisms tendency to foster greed, and governments inclination to create bureaucraci

14、es that oppress rather than help people.Among the major values of the modern period, four typically manifest themselves in the cultural environment: celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition. These values of the modern period were originall

15、y embodied in the printing press and later in newspapers and magazines. The print media encouraged the vision of individual writers, publishers, and readers who circulated new ideas. Whereas the premodern period was guided by strong beliefs in a natural or divine order, becoming modern meant elevati

16、ng individual self-expression to a central position. Along with democratic breakthroughs, however, individualism and the Industrial Revolution triggered modern forms of hierarchy, in which certain individuals and groups achieved higher standing in the social order. For example, those who managed com

17、mercial enterprises gained more control over the economic ladder, while an intellectual class of modern experts, who mastered specialized realms of knowledge, gained increasing power over the nations social, political, and cultural agendas.To be modern also meant to value the capacity of organized,

18、scientific minds to solve problems efficiently. Progressive thinkers maintained that the printing press, the telegraph, and the railroad in combination with a scientific attitude would foster a new type of informed society. At the core of this society, the printed mass media, particularly newspapers

19、, would educate the citizenry, helping to build and maintain an organized social framework. Journalists strove for the premodern ideal through a more fact-based and efficient approach to reporting. They discarded decorative writing and championed a lean look. Modern front-page news de-emphasized des

20、cription, commentary, and historical context. The lead sentences that reported a presidential press conference began to look similar, whether they were on the front page in Tupelo, Mississippi, or Wahpeton, North Dakota. Just as modern architecture made many American skylines look alike, the front p

21、ages of newspapers began to resemble one another.Finally, to be modern meant to throw off the rigid rules of the past, to break with tradition. Modern journalism became captivated by timely and immediate events. As a result, the more standardized forms of front-page journalism, on the one hand, cham

22、pioned facts and current events while efficiently meeting deadlines. But on the other hand, modern newspapers often failed to take a historical perspective or to analyze sufficiently the ideas underlying these events.（分数：10.00）(1).The author seems to suggest thatA the mass media have created the mod

23、ern culture.B modern culture have revolutionized the mass media.C technology has changed the role of the mass media.D the mass media are often critical of the modern culture.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).All of the following are the major values of the modern world EXCEPTA individual self-expression.B social

24、 order and discipline.C the efficient solutions to problems.D the repudiation of tradition.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Unfortunately, the emphasis on individualism oftenA makes some people more powerful.B leads to the disruption of natural order.C leads to a rise in the number of crimes.D violates democrat

25、ic principles and doctrines.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Modern journalistic reporting emphasizesA analysis. B context.C facts. D description.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is mainly aboutA the shifting values in modern culture.B the impact of modernization on the mass media.C the role of the mass media i

26、n education.D the rise of individualism in modern culture.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The question of whether war is inevitable is one, which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict,

27、 defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something, which is in inadequate aupply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict

28、are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function is the disservice of one another.Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These d

29、efinitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups in inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many

30、 authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, 0nly the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leader

31、ship of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does

32、not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisf

33、actory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although com

34、petition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to_.A argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD summarize the characteris

35、tic features of opposition and cooperation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that_.A it results in war in most casesB it induces efforts to expand territoryC it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD it is essentially a struggle for existence（分

36、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para. 1) most probably means_.A betray each otherB harm one anotherC help to collaborate with each otherD benefit one another（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict_.A is an inevitable struggle

37、resulting from competitionB reflects the struggle among social animalsC is an opposition among individual social entitiesD can be avoided（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_.“ A Is war inevitable?B Why is there conflict and competition?C Is conflict desirabl

38、e?D Can competition lead to conflict?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If you are a tourist interested in seeing a baseball game while in New York, you can Find out which of its teams are in town simply by sending a message to AskForCents. com. In a few minutes, the answer comes back, apparen

39、tly supplied by a machine, but actually composed by a human. Using humans to process information in a machine-like way is not new- it was pioneered by the Mechanical Turk, a famed 18th-century chess-playing machine that was operated by a hidden chessmaster. But while computers have since surpassed t

40、he human brain at chess, many tasks still baffle even the most powerful electronic brain.For instance, computers can find you a baseball schedule, but they cannot tell you directly if the Yankees are in town. Nor can they tell you whether sitting in the bleachers is a good idea on a first date. AskF

41、orCents can, because its answers come from people. “Whatever question you can come up with, theres a person that can provide the answer- you dont have the inflexibility of an algorithm-driven system,“ says Jesse Heitler, who developed AskForCents. Mr. Heitler was able to do this thanks to a new soft

42、ware tool developed by Amazon, the online retailer, that allows computing tasks to be farmed out to people over the internet. Aptly enough, Amazons system is called Mechanical Turk.Amazons Turk is part toolkit for software developers, and part online bazaar: anyone with internet access can register

43、as a Turk user and start performing the Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) listed on the Turk website ( ). Companies can become “requesters“ by setting up a separate account, tied to a bank account that will pay out fees, and then posting their HITs. Most HITs pay between one cent and $ 5. So far, peop

44、le from more than 100 countries have performed HITs, though only those with American bank accounts can receive money for their work; others are paid in Amazon gift certificates.Mr. Heitler says he had previously tried to build a similar tool, but concluded that the infrastructure would be difficult

45、to operate profitably. Amazon already has an extensive software infrastructure designed for linking buyers with sellers, however, and the Turk simply extends that existing model. Last November Amazon unveiled a prototype of the system, which it calls “artificial artificial intelligence“. The premise

46、 is that humans are vastly superior to computers at tasks such as pattern recognition, says Peter Cohen, director of the project at Amazon, so why not let software take advantage of human strengths?Mr. Cohen credits Amazons boss, Jeff Bezos, with the concept for the Turk. Other people have had simil

47、ar ideas. Eric Bonabeau of Icosystem, an American firm that builds software tools modeled on natural systems, has built what he calls the “Hunch Engine“ to combine human intelligence with computer analysis. The French postal service, for example, has used it to help its workers choose the best deliv

48、ery routes, and pharmaceutical researchers are using it to determine molecular structures by combining their gut instincts with known results stored in a database. And a firm called Seriosity hopes to tap the collective brainpower of the legions of obsessive players of multiplayer online games such

49、as “World of Warcraft“, by getting them to perform small real-world tasks (such as sorting photographs) while playing, and paying them in the games own currency.（分数：10.00）(1).The last sentence of the first paragraph meansA computers have never been superior to human intelligence.B human intelligence can