【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-11及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-11 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1) , the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of Englan

2、d call themselves English. The others (2) to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3) the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4) being classified as “English“.Even in England there are many (5) in regional character and speech. The chief (6) is between southern England and northern Eng

3、land. South of a (7) going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8) there are local variations.Further north, regional speech is usually“ (9) “than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10) to claim that they work harder than Southerners,

4、and are more (11) They are openhearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12) . Northerners generally have hearty (13) : the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14) at meal times.In accent and character the pe

5、ople of the Midlands (15) a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.In Scotland the sound (16) by the letter “R“ is generally a strong sound, and “R“ is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17) in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious,

6、thrifty people, (18) inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19) as being more “fiery“ than the English. They are (20) a race that is quite distinct from the English.（分数：10.00）(1).A In consequence B In brief C In general D

7、In fact（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A confine B attach C refer D add（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A as B which C for D so（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A with B by C at D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A similarities B differences C certainties D features（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A factor B virtue C privilege D division（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(

8、7).A line B row C border D scale（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A who B when C though D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A wider B broader C rarer D scarcer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A used B apt C possible D probable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A perfect B notorious C superior D thorough（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A swiftly B promptly

9、C immediately D quickly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A appetites B tastes C interests D senses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A helpings B offerings C fillings D findings（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A represent B designate C demonstrate D reckon（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A delivered B denoted C depicted D defined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

10、.(17).A quiet B obscure C faint D silent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A rather B still C somehow D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A rendered B thought C impressed D described（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A with B of C among D against（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：

11、1，分数：10.00)In s perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employergovernment or private should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However. if there is discrimination against one sex. it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government a

12、nd private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus o

13、ne would expect that. if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchss results suggest that the earnings of women in

14、 an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the

15、earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categori

16、es: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Browns research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and a

17、ge in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results. Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this

18、order is reversed.One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are

19、 clearly consistent with Fuchss argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private emplo

20、yers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the privat

21、e sector.（分数：10.00）(1).The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions?A Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on womens earnings.B If private employers and government employers discriminate, the discrimination by private em

22、ployers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.D Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Browns study, womens, earnings categories occur in whic

23、h of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?A Government employment, self-employment, private employment.B Private employment, self-employment, government employment.C Government employment, private employment, self-employment.D Self-employment, private employment, government

24、 employment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The text mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPTA discrimination from suppliers and consumers.B discrimination from financial institutions.C problems in obtaining good employees.D problems in obtaining government as

25、sistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the text that what is stated in the last paragraph is most probablyA Browns elaboration of his research results.B Browns tentative inferences from his data.C Browns conclusions based on common-sense reasoning.D the authors conclusion, based on Fu

26、chss and Browns results.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title which describes the content of the text as a whole would beA The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Womens Earnings.B How Discrimination Affects Womens Choice of Type of Employment

27、.C The Necessity for Eliminating Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.D The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Mens Earnings as Compared to Womens Earnings:（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A proven method for effective textbook reading is the SQ3R method develop

28、ed by Francis Robinson. The first step is to survey (the S step) the chapter by reading the title, introduction, section headings, summary and by studying any graphs, tables, illustrations or charts. The purpose of this step is to get an overview of the chapter so that you will know before you read

29、what it will be about. In the second step (the Q step), for each section you ask yourself questions such as “What do I already know about this topic?“ and “What do I want to know?“ In this step you also take the section heading and turn it into a question. This step gives you a purpose for reading t

30、he section. The third step (the first of the 3 Rs) is to read to find the answer to your questions. Then at the end of each section, before going on to the next section, you recite (the second of the 3 Rs) the answers to the questions that you formed in the question step. When you recite you should

31、say the information you want to learn out loud in your own words. The fifth step is done after you have completed steps 2, 3 and 4 for each section. You review (the last of the 3 Rs) the entire chapter. The review is done much as the survey was in the first step. As you review, hold a mental convers

32、ation with yourself as you recite the information you selected as important to learn. The mental conversation could take the form of asking and answering the questions fromed from the headings or reading the summary, which lists the main ideas in the chapter, and trying to fill in the details for ea

33、ch main idea.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage implies that the SQ3R method_.A. needs to be provenB. leaves much to he desiredC. turns out to be practicableD. cannot be used by every reader（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The SQ3R method consists of_steps.A. three B. fourC. five D. seven（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According t

34、o the passage, the first step helps the readers_.A. read first several paragraphsB. scan the whole chapterC. study the graphsD. get the theme of the chapter（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is the fourth step?A. To question yourself.B. To read for information.C. To utter your answers.D. To

35、 draw a conclusion.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements is true?A. In the last step, you should remember all the information.B. When you finish the last step, you will get both the main idea and the details.C. The mental conversation involves answering the questions asked by the au

36、thor.D. While you are holding a mental conversation you select the important information.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the first Earth Day, the U.S. was a poisoned nation. Dense air pollution blanketed cities like Los Angeles, where smog alerts were a fact of life. Dangerous pesticides

37、 like DDT were still in use, and water pollution was rampantsymbolized by raging fires on Clevelands Cuyahoga River. But the green movement that was energized by Earth Day and the landmark federal actions that followed itchanged much of that. Today air pollution is down significantly in most urban a

38、reas, the water is cleaner, and even the Cuyahoga is home to fish again.But if the land is healing, Americans may be sickening. Since World War , production of industrial chemicals has risen rapidly, and the U.S. generates or imports some 19 billion kg of them per day. These arent the sorts of chemi

39、cals that come to mind when we picture pollutionhuge plants spilling contaminated wastewater into rivers. Rather, theyre the molecules that make good on the old “better living through chemistry“ promise, appearing in items like unbreakable baby bottles and big-screen TVs. Those chemicals have a, hab

40、it of finding their way out of everyday products and into the environmentand ultimately into living organisms. A recent biomonitoring survey found traces of 212 environmental chemicals in Americansincluding toxic metals, pesticides, etc. “Its not the environment thats contaminated so much,“ says the

41、 director of the Cincinnati Childrens Environmental Health Center. “Its us.“As scientists get better at detecting the chemicals in our bodies, theyre discovering that even tiny quantities of toxins can have a potentially serious impact on our healthand our childrens future. Chemicals like bisphenol

42、A (BPA) and phthalateskey ingredients in modern plasticsmay disrupt the delicate endocrine system. A host of modern ills that have been rising unchecked for a generationobesity, diabetes, attention-deficit disorder could have chemical connections. “We dont give environmental exposure the attention i

43、t deserves,“ says Dr. Philip Landrigan. “But theres an emerging understanding that kids are uniquely susceptible to environmental hazards.“Washington has been slow to arrive at that conclusion. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the 34-year-old vehicle for federal chemical regulation, has gene

44、rally been a failure. The burden of proving chemicals dangerous falls almost entirely on the government. And the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been able to issue restrictions on only a handful of chemicals and has lacked the power to ban even some dangerous cancer-causing substances.But

45、change is coming. The Obama Administration is taking a closer look at chemicals. More important, Congress may finally be ready to act. “We cant permit this assault on our childrens healthand our own healthto continue,“ says Senator Frank Lautenberg.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true accord

46、ing to Paragraph 1?A Earth Day is the only day for people to participate in green movement.B Earth Day motivated people to change the polluted environment.C Los Angeles once had environmental problems like water pollution.D The raging fires on Clevelands Cuyahoga River resulted from smog.（分数：2.00）A.

47、B.C.D.(2).The environmental chemicals in the U.S._.A come from spilling contaminated wastewaterB appear in everyday productsC cause more contamination to the environmentD have few sorts but serious impact（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).As to the chemical problem, the author holds in Paragraph 4 that_.A Washing

48、ton has successfully made some federal chemical regulationsB the EPA has issued restrictions on various chemicalsC Washington was slow to realize the problem and take measuresD the government should take all the responsibility for proving dangerous chemicals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Senator Frank Lautenberg, _.A actions should be taken to protect children from the environmental chemicalsB more people begin to realize childrens susceptibility to environmental hazardsC we should give more attention to environmental exposureD its more important and urgent to protect