ASTM E192-2004 Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications《航天设备的蜡模钢铸件的基准射线摄影》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 192 04Standard Reference Radiographs ofInvestment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the

3、 adjunct to thisstandard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuitiesoccurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2Use of thisstandard for the specification or grading of castings requiresprocurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illus-trate the discontinuity types and se

4、verity levels. They areintended to provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel castingdiscontinuities and their differentiation both as to type anddegree through radiographic examination.1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuitiesand a nomenclature for

5、 reference in acceptance standards,specifications and drawings.1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 GradedSix common discontinuity types each illus-trated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.1.2.2 UngradedTwelve single illustrations of additionaldiscontinuit

6、y types and of patterns and imperfections notgenerally regarded as discontinuities.1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for castingsections up to 1 in. 25.4 mm in thickness.1.4 This document may be used where there is no otherapplicable document existing or for other material thicknessesfor

7、which it is found to be applicable and for which agreementhas been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 1The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in therange from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (812 by 11 in. 216 by 279mm) in a 934 by 1112-in. 248 by 292-mm ring bi

8、nder.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and de

9、termine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1316 Termi

10、nology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings forAerospace Applications43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this standardmay be found in Terminology E 1316, Section D.3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present

11、in thesereference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance. The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in thisstandard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.Where other radiographic imaging media are used, these termsshould be understood to refer to areas of greater or

12、 lesserradiologic transmission, respectively.3.2.1 Gas:3.2.1.1 gas holesround or elongated, smooth edged darkspots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed ran-domly throughout the casting.3.2.2 Shrinkage:3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity an area with distinct jaggedboundaries.3.2.2.2 shrinkage,

13、spongean area, lacy in texture, with avery diffuse outline.1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiographs.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004.

14、 Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as E 192 - 95 (1999).2The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steelcastings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made bythe lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or she

15、ll mold processes.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RR

16、E0192.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritica distribution of very finelines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness andare usually unconnected.3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentaryusually

17、 a continuous struc-ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, widthand darkness, or occasionally, a network.3.2.3 Heterogeneities:3.2.3.1 foreign material less denseirregularly shaped in-dications darker than the adjacent material, but lighter than gasholes of similar magnitude.3.2.3.2

18、 foreign material more denseirregularly shapedindications lighter than the adjacent material.3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:3.2.4.1 hot tearsragged dark lines of variable width andnumerous branches. They have no definite lines of continuityand may exist in groups. They may originate internally or at

19、 thesurface.3.2.4.2 cold cracks straight or jagged lines usually con-tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appearsingly. They start at the surface.3.2.4.3 cold shuta distinct dark line or band of variablelength and definite smooth outline.3.2.4.4 misrunsprominent dark areas of varia

20、ble dimen-sions with a definite smooth outline.3.2.4.5 core shifta variation in wall thickness.3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defectsas mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. Theseconditions appear as areas or lines of different darkness thanthe adjacent material. Illus

21、trations of the defect include:3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positivea lightened irregularlyshaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing indarkness away from the center.3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negativea darkened irregularlyshaped area darkest near the center and gradually gettinglighter away fr

22、om the center.3.2.6 Diffraction Pattern:3.2.6.1 columnarfew or many lines or arrays of linearindications that are both darker and lighter than the surround-ing area.3.2.6.2 mottledindistinct areas of darker and lighter im-ages.4. Description4.1 The range of radiographic illustrations is given in Tab

23、le1. The graded discontinuities are illustrated in eight grades.These grades range from that discernible at a 2-1T quality levelor better to that evident of poor workmanship and commonlyrejectable in commercial practice.5The ungraded illustrationshave been included to establish the appearance of the

24、 radio-graphic indications they represent in thin-wall steel castings.The alloys used are listed in Table 2.5Each grade of a given discontinuity type is contained in an individualapproximate 2 by 234-in. 51 by 70-mm machined casting block. These blocks wereinserted in steel keeper plates with radiog

25、raphic characteristics equivalent to thecasting blocks. The assembled plates were then radiographed to obtain the variousgradations shown.TABLE 1 Range of IllustrationIllustrationsIllustrationPlate Thick-ness, in.mmApplicable CastingThickness, in. mmGraded:Gas holes18 3.214 6.4 and underGas holes38

26、9.5 Over14 to12 6.4 to 12.7, inclGas holes34 19 Over12 to 1 12.7 to 25.4, inclShrinkage cavity34 19 All thicknessesShrinkage, sponge18 3.214 6.4 and underShrinkage, sponge38 9.5 Over14 to12 6.4 to 12.7, inclShrinkage, sponge34 19 Over12 to 1 12.7 to 25.4, inclShrinkage, dendritic18 3.214 6.4 and und

27、erShrinkage, dendritic38 9.5 Over14 to12 6.4 to 12.7, inclShrinkage, dendritic34 19 Over12 to 1 12.7 to 25.4, inclShrinkage, filamentary34 19 All thicknessesForeign material, less dense18 3.214 6.4 and underForeign material, less dense38 9.5 Over14 to12 6.4 to 12.7, inclForeign material, less dense3

28、4 19 Over12 to 1 12.7 to 25.4, inclUngraded:Discrete Discontinuities:Foreign material, moredense38 9.5Hot tear38 9.5Cold crack38 9.5Cold shut38 9.5Misrun38 9.5Core shift38 9.5Defective Mold:Mold buckle, positive38 9.5Mold buckle, negative38 9.5Mold ridge38 9.5Excess metal in cracked38 9.5coreDiffrac

29、tion pattern:ColumnarMottled38 9.538 9.5TABLE 2 Alloys UsedIllustration AlloyGas holes,18 in. 3.2 mm,38 in. 9.5 mm, and34in. 19 mm4330Foreign material less dense,18 in. 3.2 mm,38 in. 9.5mm and34 in. 19 mm4330Shrinkage cavity,34 in. 19 mmShrinkage, sponge,18 in. 3.2 mm4330AMS 5355AShrinkage, sponge,3

30、8 in. 9.5 mm and34 in. 19 mm 4330Shrinkage, dendritic,18 in. 3.2 mm,38 in. 9.5 mm, and34 in. 19 mm4330Shrinkage, filamentary,34 in. 19 mm 4330Foreign material more dense 4330Cold shut ACI HKHot tear 4330Cold crack 4330Misrun 4330Core shift 4330Mold buckle, positive AMS 5382BMold buckle, negative AMS

31、 5360AMold ridge AMS 5382BExcess metal in cracked core ACI CF-8MDiffraction pattern, columnar ACI HKDiffraction pattern, mottled ACI HKE1920424.2 The ASTM penetrameters included on each graded platewere used for contrast and resolution control only, and inaccordance with Practice E 1025. All of the

32、references areoriginal radiographs. The radiographic technique used was inaccordance with Guide E 94 and produced a density of from2.00 to 2.25.5. Basis for Application5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptancestandards in a variety of ways tailored to the specific applica-tion. Appl

33、ication of these reference radiographs as acceptancestandards should be based on the intended use of the productand the following considerations (see Note 2):5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radio-graph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the castingbeing examined. The s

34、ize of this unit area should be specifiedin the acceptance criteria.5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these radiographs maybe used as is relevant to the particular application. Differentgrades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discon-tinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be

35、specified fordifferent regions or zones of a component.5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where morethan one discontinuity type are present in the same area. Anymodifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis ofmultiple discontinuity types must be specified.5.1.4 Where the r

36、eference radiographs provide only anungraded illustration of a discontinuity, an acceptance levelmay be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size,or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiplediscontinuities, as in the case of

37、 gas holes, acceptance may bebased upon the aggregate size of the discontinuities, maximumdiscontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the spacingbetween discontinuities, or a combination of these and/or othercriteria.5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should containinformation addressing

38、; zoning of the part (if applicable), themaximum acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type,and the specified area that the reference radiograph is to beapplied.NOTE 2Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade ofdiscontinuity to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with fo

39、undrypractice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with themanufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensurethe desired quality level can be achieved.5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which t

40、heimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscra

41、tches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.6. Keywords6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; refer-ence radiographs; steel; x-rayASTM

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