【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-1及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-1 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Most plants can make their own food from sunlight, (1) some have discovered that stealing is an easier way to live. Thousands of plant species get by (2) photosynthesizing, and over 400 of these species seem to live by pilferi

2、ng sugars from an underground (3) of fungi(真菌). But in (4) a handful of these plants has this modus operandi been traced to a relatively obscure fungus. To find out how (5) are (6) , mycologist Martin Bidartondo of the University of California at Berkeley and his team looked in their roots. What the

3、y found were (7) of a common type of fungus, so (8) that it is found in nearly 70 percent of all plants. The presence of this common fungus in these plants not only (9) at how they survive, says Bidartondo, but also suggests that many ordinary plants might prosper from a little looting, too.Plants h

4、ave (10) relations to get what they need to survive. Normal, (11) plants can make their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis, but they still need minerals. Most plants have (12) a symbiotic relationship with a (13) network of what are called my corrhizal fungi, which lies beneath the forest (14)

5、 . The fungi help green plants absorb minerals through their roots, and (15) , the plants normally (16) the fungi with sugars, or carbon with a number of plants sharing the same fungal web, it was perhaps (17) that a few cheatersdubbed epiparasiteswould evolve to beat the system. (18) , these plants

6、 reversed the flow of carbon, (19) it into their roots from the fungi (20) releasing it as “payment./（分数：10.00）(1).A but B if C because D though（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A for B with C to D without（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A realm B net C relation D web（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A only B almost C virtually D actual

7、ly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A others B the others C other D the other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A getting by B getting on C getting through D getting over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A evidences B pictures C traces D tracks（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A popular B common C ordinary D widespread（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A shows B de

8、notes C indicates D hints（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A business B commercial C trading D exchanging（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A green B land C wild D grown（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A created B developed C designed D formulated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A large B vast C great D big（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A floor B level C

9、 ground D layer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A in turn B in fact C in return D in the end（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A offer B equip C help D provide（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A essential B important C possible D inevitable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in time B overtime C at times D behind time（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A takin

10、g B grasping C sucking D catching（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A instead of B in spite of C in place of D by contrast of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people hav

11、e been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this re

12、ason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.“ Intuitive “ knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior whereas in the physical sciences such common sense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific phys

13、ics from our world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in

14、interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “ know “ how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us: we would still “ know “ when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanati

15、ons for the “ whys “ of much of the selfs behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler i

16、n referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “ people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. “Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, c

17、ommonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations had been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people ha

18、ve always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observation

19、s, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following claims of

20、 the passage supports the authors argument that “ psychology holds a unique position among the sciences “ (Line 4-5, Para.1)?A The study of common sense in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.B The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.C Psychology plays an important role

21、in modem science and technology.D Intuitive understanding of human behaviors can be clear and precise.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, which of the following could be safely drawn about the people who lived before the coming of scientific psychology?A They think much of investigating o

22、f interpersonal relationship.B Knowledge of the physical science was not very attractive for them.C They pay much attention to correctly handle human relationship.D Their intuitions about human relations were reasonably sophisticated.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author suggests that common sense knowled

23、ge of human relations is_.A usually biased due to the fact that it is based on myths and folktalesB generally accurate enough to facilitate interactions with each otherC equally well developed among every adult within a given societyD typically unrelated to an individuals interactions with other peo

24、ple（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author uses Ecclesiastes and Freud(Line 4, Para. 3)as examples in order to_.A find a satisfactory explanation to the human relations in their booksB show the growing tendency to ignore scientific explanations of human relationsC challenge the first analysis on the underde

25、velopment of the science of human relationsD prove the unwillingness of people to abandon the pleasing fantasy in their mind（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A Intuition couldnt explain the motive of ones behavior.B Scientific psychology seems to be the mos

26、t advanced subject.C The scientific method is difficult to apply to psychology.D Some believe that the obvious deserves no scientific study.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It seems impossible to have an honest conversation about global warming. I say this after diligently perusing the Briti

27、sh governments huge report released last week by Sir Nicholas Stern, former chief economist of the World Bank and now a high civil servant. The report is a masterpiece of misleading public relations. It foresees dire consequences if global warming isnt curbed: a worldwide depression and flooding of

28、many coastal cities. Meanwhile, the costs of minimizing these awful outcomes are small: only 1 percent of world economic output in 2050.No sane person could fail to conclude that we should conquer global warming instantly, if not sooner. Who could disagree? Well, me. Stems headlined conclusions are

29、intellectual fictions. Theyre essentially fabrications to justify an aggressive anti-global-warming agenda. The danger of that is that wed end up with the worst of both worlds: a program that harms the economy without much cutting of greenhouse gases.Let me throw some messy realities onto Sterns tid

30、y picture. In the global-warming debate, theres a big gap between public rhetoric and public behavior. Greenhouse emissions continue to rise despite many earnest pledges to control them. Just last week, the United Nations reported that of the 41 countries it monitors (not including most developing n

31、ations), 34 had increased greenhouse emissions from 2000 to 2004. These include most countries committed to reducing emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.Why is this? In rich democracies, policies that might curb greenhouse gases require politicians and the public to act in exceptionally “enlightened“

32、 ways. They have to accept “pain“ now for benefits that wont materialize for decades, probably after theyre dead. And even if rich countries cut emissions, it wont make much difference unless poor countries do likewise and so far, theyve refused because that might jeopardize their economic growth an

33、d poverty-reduction efforts.The notion that theres only a modest tension between suppressing greenhouse gases and sustaining economic growth is highly dubious. Stern arrives at his trivial coststhat 1 percent of world GDP in 2050by essentially assuming them. His estimates presume that, with proper p

34、olicies, technological improvements will automatically reconcile declining emissions with adequate economic growth. This is a heroic leap. To check warming, Stern wants annual emissions 25 percent below current levels by 2050. The IEA projects that economic growth by 2050 would more than double emis

35、sions. At present, we cant bridge that gap.The other great distortion in Sterns report involves global warmings effects. No one knows what these might be, because we dont know how much warming might occur, when, where, or how easily people might adapt. Sterns horrific specter distills many of the mo

36、st terrifying guesses, including some imagined for the 22nd century, and implies theyre imminent. The idea is to scare people while reassuring them that policies to avert calamity, if started now, would be fairly easy and inexpensive.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, Sterns programA will help t

37、o curb global warming.B will foster the healthy development of economy.C will result in the worst of both worlds.D will meet with resistance from the general public.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author agrees with Stern thatA global warming is something to fight with.B curbing global warming will not aff

38、ect economy.C an aggressive anti-global-warming agenda is necessary.D not much cost will be involved in conquering global warming.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author asserts that Stems picture about the possibility of conquering global warmingA is too pessimistic.B is oversimplified.C is very imaginativ

39、e.D ignores the efforts by rich countries.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In the fifth paragraph, “that gap“ refers to the gap betweenA the annual emissions of the rich and poor countries.B the current levels of emission and levels set by Stern.C reducing greenhouse gases and sustaining economic growth.D makin

40、g proper policies and achieving technological advances.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In his report, Stern overstatesA the remedies for a possible economic slowdown.B the necessity for a sustainable economic growth.C the costs of minimizing the effects of global warming.D the dangers global warming may cause

41、to the world.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its easy to get the sense these days that youve stumbled into a party with some powerful drug that dramatically alters identity. The faces are familiar, but the words coming out of them arent. Something has happened to a lot of people you used to

42、 think you knew. Theyve changed into something like their own opposite.Theres Bill Gates, who these days is spending less time earning money than giving it away-and pulling other billionaires into the deep end of global philanthropy(慈善事业) with him. Theres historian Francis Fukuyama, leading a whole

43、gang of disaffected fellow travelers away from neoconservatism. To flip-flopis human. It can still sometimes be a political liability, evidence of a flaky disposition or rank opportunism. But there are circumstances in which not to reverse course seems almost pathological(病态的). Hes a model of consis

44、tency, Stephen Colbert said last year of George W. Bush:“ He believes the same thing Wednesday that he believed on Monday - no matter what happened on Tuesday.“Over the past three years, I found people who had pulled a big U-turn in their lives. Often the insight came in a forehead-smiting moment in

45、 the middle of the night: Ive got it all wrong.It looked at first like a sprinkling of outliers beyond the curve of normal human experience. But when you stepped back, a pattern emerged. What these personal turns had in common was the apprehension that were all connected. Everything leans on somethi

46、ng, is both dependent and depended on.“The difference between you and me,“ a visiting Chinese student told University of Michigan psychologist Richard Nisbett not long ago,“ is that I think the world is a circle, and you think its a line.“ The remark prompted the professor to write a book, The Geogr

47、aphy of Thought, about the differences between the Western and the Asian mind.To Western thinking, the world is linear; you can chop it up and analyze it, and we can all work on our little part of the project independently until its solved. The classically Eastern mind, according to Nisbett, sees th

48、ings differently: the world isnt a length of rope but a vast, closed chain, incomprehensibly complex and ever changing. When you look at life from this second perspective, some unlikely connections reveal themselves.I realized this was what almost all the U-turns had in common: people had swung arou

49、nd to face East. They had stopped thinking in a line and started thinking in a circle. Morality was looking less like a set of rules and more like a story, one in which they were part of an ensemble cast, no longer the star.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we infer from first two paragraphs?A Some people have