【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-12及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-12 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Beyond question, Clinton was supposed to close up, stay out of sight, and avoid second- guessing his wifes boss. After his ego blustered into oncoming traffic during Hillarys heated primary race (1) Obama, the nation suffered

2、 from yet another turn of Clinton fatigue.(2) this week Bill Clinton showed an instinct for robust, inclusive leadership that the (3) White House occupant could make good use of right for the time being. With President Obama struggling to (4) the political damage from the Gulf oil spill, Clinton not

3、 only cant help himselfhes worth being listened.The conventional-wisdom (5) on President Obamas early reaction to the spill was (6) he didnt emote enough. He didnt feel the (7) of all those people in the crisis whose livelihood would be destroyed, whose clean waters and wildlife would be (8) in blac

4、k gunk.Clinton considers this is an unfair (9) but offers a differentand more pointed lesson to his young successor. “I think we ought to (10) in the same boat for a while. Lets just (11) the problem, and then we can hold everybody responsible and emote or not emote, “ Clinton conversed (12) CNN Anc

5、hor Wolf Blitzer.Obamas first (13) after the oil spill was to “feel the blame“ rather than “feel the pain, “ which are pretty sarcastic words as it were. No one intends to let British Petroleum (BP) management (14) the hookfor dangerously cutting corners, and for a (15) safety record. However, the P

6、residents (16) focus on scolding BP consumed (17) White House energy while the oil gushed.Great leaders dont rush to criticise; Instead they instinctively (18) solutions. Rudy Giuliani, who didnt stop to blame (19) intelligence for letting it happen, stood out from New York mayor with a girlfriend p

7、roblem to 9/11 hero when he took control of a crisis and instilled confidence that a ravaged city could (20) beyond a terrorist attack.（分数：10.00）(1).A over B above C against D than（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A Then B Therefore C Nonetheless D Besides（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A general B common C intensive D cur

8、rent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A prevent B expand C stop D contain（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A criticism B warning C advice D compliment（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A because B that C if D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A pressure B pain C shock D fear（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A driven B shunned C drowned D killed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

9、(9).A complain B advice C blame D objection（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A row B travel C go D sit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A fix B discuss C consider D raise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A in B to C about D with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A research B instinct C plan D strategy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A on B out C off D from（分

10、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A dismal B public C brief D incomplete（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A important B special C initial D sharp（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A abundant B valuable C surplus D restless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A call for B sum up C go over D look for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A timely B faulty C creative D se

11、cret（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A move B leave C turn D go（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)After the terrorist attacks in America last September, terrorist risk became the pariah of perils. The airline industry was most directly affected by

12、 the attacks, and it was the first to find that no one wanted to insure terrorist risk. Insurance companies immediately increased premiums and cut cover for airlines third-party terror and war liabilities to $ 50m per airline, per “event“. Under pressure from airlines, the American government and th

13、e members of the European Union agreed to become insurers of last resort for airlines war and terrorist liabilities, for a limited period. These government guarantees are due to expire at the end of the month.The American government has already agreed to extend its guarantee for another 60 days. The

14、 EUs transport ministers are meeting next week in Brussels to decide what to do. Insurers and reinsurers are keen for the commercial market to resume the provision of all airline insurance as soon as possible. No wonder: The premiums for such cover have inevitably increased considerably.However, in

15、the case of terrorism, and especially of terrorism in the skies, a number of special factors arise. Some are purely practical: a disaster as sudden and unforeseen as the attacks on the World Trade Center has had destructive effects on the insurance industry. The maximum cover for third-party terrori

16、st risk available in the primary aviation market is now $ 50m, and that is not nearly enough cover risks that are perceived to be much higher since September 11th. Even if the market could offer sufficient cover, another catastrophe on such a scale would be more than the market could cope with.In ad

17、dition, a rare and devastating risk of a political nature is arguably one that it is right for governments to cover, at least in part. In the wake of attacks by Irish terrorists the British government has recognized this point by agreeing to back a mutual fund to cover risks to property from terrori

18、st attack.In the case of the airlines, the appropriate answer is some form of mutual scheme with government backing. In fact, under the code-name “Equitime“, representatives of airlines, insurers and the American government are setting up an insurance vehicle to be financed by airlines and reinsured

19、 by the government. Governments would guarantee the funds excess. risk, but their role would diminish as the fund grew.Setting something up will take time. So, to bridge the gap, governments will have to remain insurer of last resort for airlines war and terrorist risk for some time to come.（分数：10.0

20、0）(1).By “terrorist risk became the pariah of perils“ (Paragraph 1), the author meansA insurance companies increased premiums.B airlines seek to avoid legal liabilities.C terrorist attacks left insurers panicked.D terrorist risk is unlikely to be insured.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, n

21、ow it is beyond the ability of commercial insurance marketA to win the support from governments.B to cancel provision for airline insurance.C to cope with overwhelming disasters.D to rule out third-party terrorist risks.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “vehicle“ (Para. 5) denotesA vulnerability.B capab

22、ility.C liability.D availability.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The writer argues that in the foreseeable future the insurer of last resort for airlines terrorist risk will beA insurance companies.B governments guarantees.C airlines themselves.D mutual fund schemes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be concluded fro

23、m the text that airlines war and terrorist riskA should be attended to cautiously.B should be left with the government alone.C should be accepted reluctantly.D should be left up to insurance companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Whether to teach young children a second language is dispu

24、ted among teachers, researchers and pushy parents. On the one hand, acquiring a new tongue is said to be far easier when young. On the other, teachers complain that children whose parents speak a language at home that is different from the one used in the classroom sometimes struggle in their lesson

25、s and are slower to reach linguistic milestones. Would a 15-month-old child, they wonder, not be better off going to music classes?A study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences may help resolve this question by getting to the point of what is going on in a bilingual c

26、hilds brain, how a second language affects the way he thinks, and thus in what circumstances being bilingual may be helpful. Agnes Kovacs and Jacques Mehler at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste say that some aspects of the cognitive development of infants raised in a bilingual

27、 household must be undergoing acceleration in order to manage which of the two languages they are dealing with.The aspect of cognition in question is part of what is termed the brains “executive function”. This allows people to organise, plan, prioritise activity, shift their attention from one thin

28、g to another and suppress habitual responses. Bilingualism is common in Trieste which, though Italian, is almost surrounded by Slovenia. So Dr. Kovacs and Dr. Mehler looked at 40 “preverbal” seven-month-olds, half raised in monolingual and half in bilingual households, and compared their performance

29、s in a task that needs control of executive function.First, the babies were trained to expect the appearance of a puppet on a screen after they had heard a set of meaningless words invented by the researchers. Then the words, and the location of the puppet, were changed. When this was done, the babi

30、es who speak only one language had difficulty overcoming their learnt response, even when the researchers gave them further clues that a switch had taken place. The bilingual babies, however, found it far easier to switch their attention counteracting the previously learnt, but no longer useful resp

31、onse.Monitoring languages and .keeping them separate is part of the brains executive function, so these findings suggest that even before a child can speak, a bilingual environment may speed up that functions development. Before rushing your offspring into bilingual kindergartens, though, there are

32、a few cautions. For one thing, these extraordinary cognitive benefits have been demonstrated so far only in “crib” bilinguals those living in households where two languages are spoken routinely. The researchers speculate that it might be the fact of having to learn two languages in the same setting

33、that requires greater use of executive function. So whether those benefits apply to children who learn one language at home, and one at school, remains unclear.（分数：10.00）(1).Who are probably pushing young children to study a new language?A Parents. B Teachers.C Researchers. D Children themselves.（分数

34、：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is going on in a bilingual childs brain according to the new study?A The executive function is being developed more slowly.B The executive function is being developed more rapidly.C The aural nerve centre is being developed more slowly.D The aural nerve centre is being develop

35、ed more rapidly.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How does a second language affect the way a young child behaves according to the new study?A It shortens his focus time on anything learnt.B It always switches his attention to new information.C It makes him able to predict the appearance of a person.D It makes h

36、im far easier to overcome his learnt response.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The new study concluded that being bilingual is found helpfulA only when you use a foreign language to talk with foreigners.B only when you have to learn two languages in the same setting.C only when you speak different languages in

37、school and at home.D only when you speak foreign languages both in school and at home.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, rushing young children into bilingual kindergartensA may not speed up the executive function.B is not useful to develop the brain.C is useful for the executive function

38、.D may quicken them to reach linguistic milestones.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As summer rolls around, lawmakers in Washington are preparing to vote on a jobs bill that would include $1 billion for summer jobs for teens. Much of the urgency for the program stems from the private-sector

39、plunge in summer jobs for teenagers over the past few years. Its no secret that the recession walloped teens jobs as much as it did their parents. But some economists find the clamor for public jobs programs a little ironic, given last years midrecession minimum wage increase, which may have reduced

40、 teen employment even beyond the recessionary drop. Before the minimum wage jumped to $ 7.25 an hour last summer, University of California-Irvine economist David Neumark estimated that it would lead to an additional 300 000 job losses for teens and young adults. The 2009 wage increase was set in mot

41、ion in a better labor market in May 2007, when Congress voted to boost the minimum from $ 5.15 an hour to $ 7.25 an hour over the course of the next two years. Its hard to parse the jobs lost because of the recession and those lost because of the minimum wage increase-theres no direct evaluation of

42、the impact of the wage increase yet-but its likely that raising the wage floor contributed to the record-high teen unemployment rates, Neumark says. “Almost everyone accepts that minimum wages decrease employment or likely increase unemployment of the least-skilled,“ he says. Neumark advocated for d

43、elaying last years increase. The unemployment rate for teenagers was 25.4 percent in April, compared with 9.9 percent overall, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Teens generally have higher unemployment rates. In November 2007, the month before the start of the recession, the unemployment

44、rate for the overall population was 4. 7 percent, versus 16. 2 percent for workers aged 16 to 19. Teen employment has been declining for some time. The percentage of teens with jobs has fallen from about 57 percent in 1989 to about 40 percent in 2007 (both dates reflect healthy economies). The reaso

45、ns are diverse. For one thing, increased school enrollment appears to account for about a third of that decline, according to the Economic Policy Institute. “For teens, there has been a remarkable long-term shift from summer employment to summer enrollment,“ reports EPI economist Heidi Shierholz. On

46、e of the critical issues for job-seeking teens is the changing face of the competition, which is increasingly skilled. “Not only are they competing with each other for available positions, but they are competing with recent college graduates and job seekers who have two or more years of on-the-job e

47、xperience and are willing to take almost any position that provides a steady paycheck,“ says John Challenger of outplacement firm Challenger, Gray yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.Its hard to imagine that many p

48、eople are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But its interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way co

49、ntributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.（分数：10.00）(1).Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bringAtemporary delightBenjoyment in