【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-14及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-14 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Whats your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom (1) events much earlier than the year or so before entering sch

2、ool, (2) children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia“. One argues that the hippo-campus, the region of the brain which is (5) for forming memories, does not mature until about t

3、he age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults dont think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) one event follows (9) as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental (10) for early

4、 childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they dont find any that fit the (11) Its like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply arent any e

5、arly childhood memories to (13) . According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone elses spoken description of their personal (14) in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15) of them into long term memories. In other (16) , children have to talk about their experiences

6、 and hear others talk about (17) Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.（分数：10.00）(1).A figure B int

7、erpret C recall D affirm（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A now that B even if C as though D just as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A largely B rarely C merely D really（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A refuted B defied C proposed D witnessed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A responsible B suitable C favorable D available（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A de

8、clines B assesses C estimates D maintains（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A reflect B attain C access D acquire（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A narratives B forecasts C communications D descriptions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A the rest B another C the other D others（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A deposits B dreams C flashes D files（分数

9、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A model B pattern C frame D formula（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A emphasis B assertion C explanation D assumption（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A recall B remember C reflect D respond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A instincts B feelings C sensations D experiences（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A impressions B belie

10、fs C minds D insights（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A senses B cases C words D aspects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A him B their C it D them（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A taken B utilized C applied D spent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A habitual B verbal C unique D particular（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A permanent B mental C spiritual

11、D conscious（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many video games feature an invincibility power-up that makes the players impervious to damage, at least for a while. As the economic crisis hit in late 2008, some said the same about the in

12、dustry itself. The theory went that sales of video games, which had been strong in 2008, would also be strong in 2009, because games are a relatively cheap form of entertainment that let people escape from gloomy economic reality.At first glance the sales figures seem to debunk the idea that video g

13、ames are recession-proof. In June 2009, for example, sales of games in America were 31% lower than in June 2008, according to NPD, a market-research firm. In July sales were down 26% , the fifth successive monthly decline. But the year ended with a record-breaking December, as people bought consoles

14、 and games for Christmas. Globally, says Piers Harding-Rolls of Screen Digest, a consuhancy, sales of games were down by 6.3% in 2009. The number of Nintendo Win and Microsoft Xbox 360 consoles sold was flat in 2009 ; sales of Sows PlayStation 3 were up by 22% after a price cut.In some respects, thi

15、s stumble reflects gamings new popularity. When it was less of a mainstream activity it was not so connected to the wider economic cycle. The success of the family-friendly Wii has broadened gamings appeal, but the new players it has attracted are less fanatical garners who are more likely to cut ba

16、ck in hard times. During 2009 more people turned to mobile, web-based or second-hand games, says Mr Harding-Rofls.Another way of looking at things, however, is to say that spending on gaming is driven by big hits, and that the slight decline in 2009 reflects creative rather than economic weakness. E

17、ntertainment industries always have their ups and downs, says Shigeru Miyamoto, the creative force behind many of Nintendos biggest games. There was an unusually large number of hits in 2008, which boosted sales, and fewer big releases in 2009 until late in the year, which may explain the weak mid-y

18、ear sales. The biggest hit was “Modern Warfare 2“, released in November, which became the fastest-selling game in history, selling 7 million copies worldwide on its first day. The top 20 games took a larger share of sales in 2009 than in 2008, which shows that the games industry is becoming increasi

19、ngly polarised between hits and misses. Hence the hit-and-miss results of the big publishers of video games.Overall, says Mr Miyamoto, 2009s crop of games may just have been less compelling. “We were not able to produce fun-enough products,“ he says. That highlights the importance of continued innov

20、ation, he saysbut it leaves unanswered the question of whether gaming is indeed recession-proof.（分数：10.00）(1).In America, which month is the most highest sales of video games?A June in 2008.B March In 2009C November in 2009D December in 2009（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the third paragraph that giv

21、es the examples of Wii infer?A Wider economic cycle has been a little related to video games industry.B Nintendo made the video games more attractive.C Wii lost attractions to fanatical gamers.D Recession had no influence in investing the video games.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).From the fourth paragraph, w

22、e can know that_.A entertainment have been in the slight decline recentlyB creative games will bring good salesC sale increasing by the end of 2009 is due to big hits of gamesD “Modern Warfare 2“ benefits from the Shigeru Miyamotos innovations（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the opinion that the sales

23、figures of the video game industry reduced in 2009 not because of economy crisis is not supportive?A Other games are distributed.B The video game is on the decline.C The video game doesnt have enough creation.D Fanatical garners dont reduce expense.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In the light of what Shigeru M

24、iyamoto said, we can infer_.A games innovations may lead to the sale decline of 2009B he has no idea about whether it is influenced by the economic crisisC the gap of hits and misses in games industries is innovativeD games industries will soon recover from the level of 2008（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2

25、(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The question of whether war is inevitable is one, which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is disti

26、nguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something, which is in inadequate aupply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been def

27、ined as a process by which social entities function is the disservice of one another.Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition betw

28、een individuals or groups in inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the stru

29、ggle for existence among animal species, 0nly the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the

30、 competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets

31、, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decli

32、ne. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions

33、of some terms in order to_.A argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the aut

34、hor, competition differs from conflict in that_.A it results in war in most casesB it induces efforts to expand territoryC it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD it is essentially a struggle for existence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para. 1)

35、 most probably means_.A betray each otherB harm one anotherC help to collaborate with each otherD benefit one another（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict_.A is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB reflects the struggle among social animalsC is an oppos

36、ition among individual social entitiesD can be avoided（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_.“ A Is war inevitable?B Why is there conflict and competition?C Is conflict desirable?D Can competition lead to conflict?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Fate

37、has not been kind to the western grey whale. Its numbers have dwindled to 130 or so, leaving it “critically endangered” in the eyes of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Fishing-nets, speeding ships, pollution and coastal development threaten the few that remain. Most recently,

38、drilling for oil and gas in their main summer feeding grounds, near Sakhalin island off Russias Pacific coast, has brought fresh risks for the luckless creatures. Yet the rush to develop Sakhalins offshore fields may yet be the saviour of the species.When drilling was first discussed in the 1990s, t

39、here were muted complaints. When a consortium called Sakhalin. Energy, led by Royal Dutch Shell, announced plans to build an oil platform and lay pipelines in the only bay where the whales were known to congregate, these protests proliferated.In response, the consortium established an independent pa

40、nel to advise it on how best to protect the whales and promised to fund its work. It subsequently agreed to change the route of the pipeline at the panels suggestion, although it refused to move the platform, as other critics had demanded. It also agreed either to follow the panels recommendations i

41、n future or to explain publicly why it was rejecting them.The platforms and pipelines are now complete. Sakhalin Energy exported its first cargo of liquefied natural gas last week. The project, says Shell, is an engineering triumph and a commercial success despite all the controversy.But has it been

42、 a success for the whales? Sakhalin Energy says their number seems to be growing by 2.5% a year, although Ian Craig, the firms boss, admits that the cause might be greater scrutiny rather than population growth. The scientists on the panel still seem worried. They complain that the firm has not alwa

43、ys provided the information they need to assess the threat to the whales. It also has not always followed advice, the scientists advice about how noisy construction might scare the animals away, for example, or the speed that boats should travel to minimize the risk of hitting the whales. The scient

44、ists warn that the loss of just a few fertile females would be enough to tip the population into irrevocable decline. Last summer, there seemed to be far fewer whales around than normal.On the other hand, the panel knows this only because Sakhalin Energy funds lots of research on the whales. As a re

45、sult, it has discovered that they have a wider range than originally thought, which might explain why so few of them showed up off Sakhalin island last year.Therefore, it is hard to escape the conclusion that, for creatures with a lot as sorry as the western grey whale, a nearby oil project is somet

46、hing of a blessing.（分数：10.00）(1).Why are Sakhalins offshore oil and gas projects regarded as risks for the western grey whale?A Because they instantly endanger the animals summer habitat.B Because drilling for oil and gas may cause new pollution to the sea.C Because they need more ships which are da

47、ngers to the animal.D Because offshore development may result in more harm.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).To ease the protest against its projects, Sakhalin EnergyA moved its platform from the bay where the whales congregate.B established a panel to be in charge of its public relationship.C rejected its progr

48、am near Sakhalins offshore.D organized some experts to study and protect the whales.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Sakhalin Energy supports the panels workA unconditionally. B enthusiastically.C half heartedly. D earnestly.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Scientists are sure thatA the number of the whales is rising slowly by a small percentage.B greater scrutiny of the whale population explains the growing number.C the whales are in an irrevocable decline despite all their efforts.D the whales have other summer habitats besides Sakhalins offshore.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).An appro