【考研类试卷】考研英语（阅读）-试卷23及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 23 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Surveys show that cheating in schoolplagiarism, forb

2、idden collaboration on assignments, copying homework and cheating on exams- has soared since researchers first measured the phenomenon on a broad scale at 99 colleges in the mid-1960s. The percentage of students who copied from another student during tests grew from 26 percent in 1963 to 52 percent

3、in 1993, and the use of crib notes during exams went from 6 percent to 27 percent, according to a study conducted by Dr. Donald McCabe of Rutgers. By the mid-1990s, only a small minority said they had never cheated, meaning that cheating had become part of the acceptable status quo. Dr. McCabe“s lat

4、er national survey of 25,000 high school students from 2001 to 2008 yielded equally depressing results: more than 90 percent said they had cheated in one way or another. Dr. Jason Stephens of the University of Connecticut has now embarked on a three year pilot program to reduce cheating. His premise

5、 is that honesty and integrity are not only values but also habits habits that can be encouraged in school settings, with positive benefits later in life. The program seeks to enlist students and teachers in six high schools in promoting a culture of honesty. Schools will be asked to consider honor

6、codes, and, since peer pressure is vitally important, students will be invited to help shape policies and strategies to discourage cheating. Two schools are suburban and wealthy, two are middle class, two are urban and poor. One school from each pair will work to end the cheating epidemic, and the o

7、ther will serve as the control group. The challenge is daunting. Students of both genders and every demographic group cheat even though they know it is wrong, a mind-set Dr. Stephens describes as “a corrosive force“ especially when it is acquired in the early years of moral development. The fact tha

8、t so many students cheat doesn“t make them intrinsically bad, he says: “It“s not a case of the bad seed. It“s more like bad soil. “ But there“s hope. The 1993 study suggested that cheating dropped in schools that encouraged a culture of integrityeither by formally instituting an honor code or by str

9、essing at every turn the importance of honesty and integrity. A follow-up study showed that dishonest business behavior was lowest among employees who had attended schools with an honor code and whose workplaces encouraged ethical behavior. If the effort shows results, Dr. Stephens plans to enlist m

10、ore schools in the hope that eventually a standardized program will be adopted throughout the state. If that happens, both students and society as a whole will profit.（分数：10.00）(1).It is shown in surveys that academic plagiarism_.（分数：2.00）A.has been an acceptable practice in societyB.has become more

11、 rampant among studentsC.was a phenomenon prevalent at 99 collegesD.was popular in schools when first measured(2).According to a study by Rutgers._.（分数：2.00）A.cheating on exams had become more prevalentB.numerous students used crib notes during examsC.more than 90 percent of students had ever cheate

12、dD.copying during tests exceeded copying homework(3).By initiating a pilot program. Dr. Stephens intended_.（分数：2.00）A.to promote the culture of academic moralityB.to prove the value of honesty and integrityC.to testify to the positive effects of honestyD.to lessen the plagiarism in school settings(4

13、).The pilot program _.（分数：2.00）A.has to face the serious situation of dishonesty in schoolsB.helps draw up policies and strategies to reduce cheatingC.identifies a mind set as “a corrosive force“ for studentsD.attests to the inclination of both genders for cheating(5).Dr. Stephens is optimistic abou

14、t the prospect of his program since _.（分数：2.00）A.both schools and workplaces try to encourage ethical behaviorB.a modified program will sooner or later be adopted everywhereC.the effort to discourage cheating has shown some positive effectsD.all the schools emphasize the importance of honesty and in

15、tegrityEven though the number of legal and illegal immigrants in the United States has risen sharply since the early 1990s, the size and condition of the economic underclass has not. In fact, by several measures the number of people in America living on the bottom rungs of the economic ladder has be

16、en in a long term decline. Moreover, those immigrants who populate the underclass appear on the whole to be more socially functional than their native-born counterparts. Consider the most basic measure of the underclass: the number of people subsisting below the official poverty line as measured by

17、the Census Bureau“s Current Population Survey(which measures all individuals residing in the United States, regardless of status). Between 1993 and 2007that is, before the current recession took hold- the number of individuals living in poverty declined from 39 million to 37 million. The number of i

18、mmigrants living in poverty increased by a million, but this was offset by a drop of 3 million in the number of native-born Americans in poverty. The period saw an increase of 1. 8 million in the number of Hispanics living in poverty, but this was dwarfed by the 3. 8 million decline among non-Hispan

19、ics, including a 1. 6 million decline among blacks. Another measure of the underclass is the number of adults without a high-school diploma. An adult or a head of household without a high-school education is almost invariably confined to lower-wage occupations with limited prospects for advancement.

20、 Sure enough, the trend in education follows that of poverty. From 1993 through 2006, the number of adults in America age 25 and older without a diploma declined from 32 million to 28 million. The number of adult Hispanic dropouts rose by 3. 9 million, much of that due to the progeny of low-skilled

21、illegal immigrants from Mexico and Central America. Rut among the rest of the population, the number of dropouts plunged by 8. 1 million. Educational attainment by citizenship status covers a slightly different period but confirms the trend. From 1995 to 2004, the number of adults without a high-sch

22、ool diploma declined by 2. 9 million. An increase of 2. 4 million in the number of immigrant dropouts was overwhelmed by a decline of 5. 3 million in native horn dropouts. As a result of these underlying trends, the underclass in our society has been shrinking as its face has become more Hispanic an

23、d foreign-born.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the text that the lower class in the U. S._（分数：2.00）A.has become diminishedB.has been on the steady riseC.has always been functionalD.consists mainly of immigrants(2).Before 2008, poor people in America _.（分数：2.00）A.increased by at least a millionB.decrease

24、d by as many as 3 millionsC.lived below the official poverty lineD.were obviously reduced by and large(3).Among people living in poverty in the U. S. . the number of_ has risen.（分数：2.00）A.native-born AmericansB.foreign-born AmericansC.both non-Hispanics and blacksD.both Hispanics and non-Hispanics(4

25、).By saying “the trend in education follows that of poverty“, the author means that poor people_.（分数：2.00）A.have few prospects for progressB.tend to be insufficiently educatedC.engage in lower-wage occupationsD.are mainly low-skilled immigrants(5).Which of the following contributes to the shrinkage

26、of the underclass in the U. S. ?（分数：2.00）A.The confirmation of the educational trend.B.The increase of Hispanic and foreign-born.C.The tendency in both poverty and education.D.The period covered by educational attainment.Not all of the potential solutions to climate change are futuristic, expensive

27、or exotic. In fact, most Americans can find one of the most significant carbon-reducing innovations of the last 30 years standing in their kitchens, keeping the butter hard. Refrigerators sold in the United States have grown 5% more energy efficient every year since 1975. Today they save 200 billion

28、 kilowatt-hours of electricity a year compared to what they“d use if they were still built to 30-year-old standards, or about a third of the annual output of all the nation“s nuclear plants. Upgraded fridges have lowered electricity bills for consumers and avoided millions of tons of carbon that wou

29、ld otherwise have been emitted by power plants. Heating and air-conditioning systems also have grown more efficient, and fluorescent lightbulbs are a big step ahead of power-hungry incandescents. Critics of government efforts to fend off global warming often complain that the economic costs aren“t w

30、orth the gains better to adapt later to a warmer planet than suffer now by turning down the thermostat. This argument relies on a lot of dubious assumptions, starting with the notion that quality of life won“t be significantly reduced in a world plagued by drought, wildfires, increased disease and f

31、amine, more powerful storms, mass species extinction and higher sea levels. It also assumes that the cost of cleaning up after all that will be less than the cost of preventing it from happening. Nicholas Stern, former chief economist with the World Bank, estimates that failing to invest in cutting

32、carbon would eventually cost up to 20% in lost income worldwide. The final report from the U. N. “s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change pointed out that adapting to global warming is a necessity because it“s too late to stop the process, but that doesn“t reduce the need to head off the worst e

33、ffects. Global-warming deniers are right about one thing: Phasing out fossil fuels will be expensive. But the most effective way of doing so not only doesn“t add costs, it saves money and boosts economies. Energy efficiency is the fastest, safest and cheapest method currently available for cutting c

34、arbon emissions. It“s also one of the least understood, because it involves a lot more than adding insulation to buildings or installing power-sipping air conditioners. To make really hefty efficiency gains, the U. S. must follow California“s lead in restructuring incentives for utilities, and regul

35、atory agencies should do much more to encourage important innovations such as cogeneration plants.（分数：10.00）(1).By citing the example of fluorescent lightbulbs. the author intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.they are more energy efficient than incandescent:B.they arc one of the best innovations we ever

36、 knowC.solutions to climate change are not necessarily unusualD.many measures have been taken to fight global warming(2).The author points out that refrigerators_.（分数：2.00）A.have become more and more advancedB.consume less power than ever beforeC.are responsible for global warmingD.initiate carbon-r

37、educing campaign(3).Some people criticize government for the efforts to diminish global warming, for they believe that_.（分数：2.00）A.it“s better for people to live in a warmer worldB.it“s more cost-efficient to clean up the world laterC.the quality of life will become higher in the futureD.people can

38、adapt to whatever change they may face(4).The author argues that_.（分数：2.00）A.it“s too late to stop the process of global warmingB.the investment in cutting carbon boosts economiesC.it“s obviously a necessity to adapt to global warmingD.the worst effects of global warming can be alleviated(5).The aut

39、hor suggests that currently we should_ to cut carbon emissions.（分数：2.00）A.improve energy efficiencyB.develop regeneration plantsC.reduce the use of fossil fuelsD.invest in new forms of energyIndividuals can make the world a better place by considering everyone is an individual and accepting the dive

40、rsities in this world. Consideration of others is a major component in communication. Communicating our wishes to others, without demanding or feeling we are owed something. Humility is another virtue used to enable people to coexist without hostility and bigotry. Consider, everyone in the world has

41、 the same basic needs and wants. We all wish to have approval and succeed at the things we do. Be courteous in your dealings with every individual and always be respectful towards them, this will aid in making the world a better place. Random acts of kindness to perfect strangers would certainly enh

42、ance how we feel about each other. Speak to others as you pass them on the street. We can turn this trend around and it does start with just one individual. Start with thanking people for any small favor. Don“t hesitate to help someone if you can. The results are remarkable and contagious. Tell a fr

43、iend and soon those friends will tell other friends to be kinder and gentler. Positive trains of thoughts, really do stop at most stops. Invite people to get on board. Hopefully soon the train will be crowded. Wouldn“t that be a better place to live? A basic principle taught to us by most religions

44、is “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you“. I want someone to be kind to me. That is my cue to be kind to them also. We can all have a hand in making this world a better place. Respect our planet. Everyone wants to attend nice clean beaches and walk down a street without trash strewn eve

45、rywhere. Disciplining our individual characters will enhance how we treat others and how we feel about ourselves. In Australia, a popular greeting is “Good day mate“. It“s clever, quaint, and sounds nice too. The first and very last thing we can do is pray for one another. That woman you just passed

46、 on the street, you don“t need to know her name. You can just ask God to bless her. Wouldn“t it be wonderful, if strangers you met, gave you their blessings? What a wonderful world this could be. We can start by saying this simple phrase, “May God Bless you“. Louis Armstrong sings in his song, “what

47、 a wonderful world this could be“. He imagined it and sang about it. So can I. These are all conscious efforts. Every individual can make.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from paragraph 1 that_.（分数：2.00）A.humility used to co-exist with hostilityB.respecting each other benefits the worldC.everyone demands norm

48、al communicationD.everyone can make the world a better place(2).The author suggests that we should_.（分数：2.00）A.advocate for being more respectful to othersB.thank people gratefully for anything they doC.speak to every stranger we meet on the streetD.encourage more people to take trains of thoughts(3

49、).By citing “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you“, the author intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.it holds true for everyone and everywhereB.it prompts one to be kinder to other peopleC.this principle is religious rather than secularD.respecting others invites respect from others(4).In the author“s opinion, to becom