【考研类试卷】考研英语-45及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-45 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)My Space and other Web sites have unleashed a potent new phenomenon of social networking in cyberspace, 1 at the same time, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that traditional social 2 play a surprisingly powerful and under

2、-recognized role in influencing how people behave. The latest research comes from Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James H. Fowler, at the University of California at San Diego. The 3 reported last summer that obesity appeared to 4 from one person to another 5 socia

3、l networks, almost like a virus or a fad. In a follow-up to that provocative research, the team has produced 6 findings about another major health 7 : smoking. In a study published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team found that a person“s decision to 8 the habit is strongly af

4、fected by 9 other people in their social network quiteven people they do not know. And, surprisingly, entire networks of smokers appear to quit virtually 10 For 11 of their studies, they 12 of detailed records kept between 1971 and 2003 about 5,124 people who participated in the landmark Framingham

5、Heart Study. Because many of the subjects had ties to the Boston suburb of Framingham, Mass. , many of the participants were 13 somehowthrough spouses, neighbors, friends, co-workersenabling the researchers to study a network that 14 12,067 people. Taken together, these studies are 15 a growing reco

6、gnition that many behaviors are 16 by social networks in 17 that have not been fully understood. And 18 may be possible, the researchers say, to harness the power of these networks for many 19 , such as encouraging safe sex, getting more people to exercise or even 20 crime.（分数：10.00）A.soB.butC.asD.a

7、lthoughA.resourceB.databaseC.communicationD.intranetA.pairB.sociologistsC.spouseD.universitiesA.rangeB.differC.varyD.spreadA.betweenB.amongC.inD.throughA.consequentB.controversialC.similarD.diffidentA.issueB.disputeC.problemD.questionA.cultivateB.kickC.leaveD.tickA.howB.thatC.whatD.whetherA.surprisi

8、nglyB.simultaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.stronglyA.neitherB.noneC.bothD.which(12).A. made a companion B. took advantage C. took an attitudeD. had the best（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.A.concernedB.excludedC.encouragedD.connectedA.totaledB.increasedC.summedD.addedA.fillingB.blockingC.fuelingD.contributingA.swayedB.de

9、viatedC.betteredD.deterioratedA.orderB.waysC.fearD.caseA.itB.thereC.theyD.ifA.reasonsB.keepsC.goodD.purposesA.banningB.promotingC.fightingD.committing二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The willingness of doctors at several major medical centers to apolo

10、gize .to patients for harmful errors is a promising step toward improving the rather disappointing quality of a medical system that kills tens of thousands of innocent patients a year inadvertently. For years, experts have lamented that medical malpractice litigation is an inefficient way to deter l

11、ethal or damaging medical errors. What they noticed, simply put it, is that most victims of malpractice never sue, and there is some evidence that many patients who do sue were not harmed by a physician“s error but instead suffered an adverse medical outcome that could not have been prevented. The d

12、etails of what went wrong are often kept secret as part of a settlement agreement. What is needed, many specialists agree, is a system that quickly brings an error to light so that further errors can be headed off and that compensates victims promptly and fairly. Many doctors, unfortunately, have be

13、en afraid that admitting and describing their errors would only invite a costly lawsuit. Now, as described by Kevin Sack in The Times, a handful of prominent academic medical centers have adopted a new policy of promptly disclosing errors, offering earnest apologies and providing fair compensation.

14、It appears to satisfy many patients, reduce legal costs and the litigation burden and, in some instances, helps reduce malpractice premiums. Here are some examples from colleges of the United States: at the University of Illinois, of 37 cases where the hospital acknowledged a preventable error and a

15、pologized, only one patient filed suit; at the University of Michigan Health System, existing claims and lawsuits dropped from 262 in August 2001 to 83 in August 2007, and legal costs fell by two-thirds. To encourage greater candor, more than 30 states have enacted laws making apologies for medical

16、errors inadmissible in court. That sounds like a sensible step that should be adopted by other states or become federal law. Such laws could help bring more errors to light. Patients who have been harmed by negligent doctors can still sue for malpractice, using other evidence to make their case. Adm

17、itting errors is only the first step toward reforming the health care system so that far fewer mistakes are made. But reforms can be more effective if doctors are candid about how they went astray. Patients seem far less angry when they receive an. honest explanation, an apology and prompt, fair com

18、pensation for the harm they have suffered.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors“ confession of mistakes and apologies help to better medical care.B.Experts believe it an inefficient way for patients to sue for their livery.C.Mistreated

19、patients never sue once suffer an unpreventable adverse medical outcome.D.The details of patients“ conditions are often kept secret.(2).While many specialties call for a disclosure mechanism, some physicians are worrying about_.（分数：2.00）A.exposure to the mediaB.describing their mistakes in detailsC.

20、compensating victims promptly and fairlyD.involvement in an expensive civil case(3).According to Paragraph 5, laws are enacted in more than 30 states _.（分数：2.00）A.to be adopted by other statesB.to become federal lawC.to make apologies for medical misconductsD.to spark medical practitioners to confes

21、s more(4).From the last paragraph, we can infer that Doctors should describe the way they made mistakes in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.admit malpractices firstB.make less medical mistakesC.avoid lawsuitsD.be forgiven(5).The author“s attitude towards doctors“ hearty apologies may be summarized as_.（分数：2.00）

22、A.skepticalB.indifferentC.supportiveD.intolerable五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Senator Barack Obama likes to joke that the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination has been going on so long, babies have been born, and they“ re already walking and talking. That“s nothing. The battle between the sc

23、iences and the humanities has been going on for so long, its early participants have stopped walking and talking, because they“re already dead. It“s been some 50 years since the physicist-turned-novelist C. P. Snow delivered his famous “Two Cultures“ lecture at the University of Cambridge, in which

24、he decried the “gulf of mutual incomprehension“, the “hostility and dislike“ that divided the world“s “natural scientists“, its chemists, engineers, physicists and biologists, from its “literary intellectuals“, a group that, by Snow“s reckoning, included pretty much everyone who wasn“t a scientist.

25、His critique set off a frenzy of desperation that continues to this day, particularly“in the United States, as educators, policymakers and other observers lament the Balkanization of knowledge, the scientific illiteracy of the general public and the chronic academic turf wars that are all too easily

26、 lampooned. Yet a few scholars believe that the cultural chasm can be bridged and the sciences and the humanities united into a powerful new discipline that would apply the strengths of both mindsets, the quantitative and qualitative, to a wide array of problems. Among the most ambitious of these ex

27、ercises in fusion thinking is a program under development at Binghamton University in New York called the New Humanities Initiative. Jointly conceived by David Sloan Wilson, a professor of biology, and Leslie Heywood, a professor of English, the program is intended to build on some of the themes exp

28、lored in Dr. Wilson“s evolutionary studies program, which has proved enormously popular with science and nonscience majors alike, and which he describes in the recently published “Evolution for Everyone“. In Dr. Wilson“s view, evolutionary biology is a discipline that, to be done right, demands a cr

29、ossover approach, the capacity to think in narrative and abstract terms simultaneously, so why not use it as a template for emulsifying the two cultures generally? “There are more similarities than differences between the humanities and the sciences, and some of the stereotypes have to be altered,“

30、Dr. Wilson said, “Darwin, for example, established his entire evolutionary theory on the basis of his observations of natural history, and most of that information was qualitative, not quantitative. “ As he and Dr. Heywood envision the program, courses under the New Humanities rubric would be offere

31、d campus-wide, in any number of departments, including history, literature, philosophy, sociology, law and business. The students would be introduced to basic scientific tools like statistics and experimental design and to liberal arts staples like the importance of analyzing specific texts or docum

32、ents closely, identifying their animating ideas and comparing them with the texts of other immortal minds.（分数：10.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_.（分数：2.00）A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon(2).The word “balk

33、anization“ (Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.ignoranceB.splitC.mistakeD.declination(3).According to Paragraph 3, New Humanities Initiative is a program that_.（分数：2.00）A.is ambitious enough to create new disciplineB.will gain popularity for Binghamton UniversityC.can bridge the ga

34、p between sciences and humanD.is a combination of sciences and arts(4).By citing the example of Darwin, Dr. Wilson intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.qualitative information is more valuable than quantitative observationsB.it is preferable to take the mutual advantage of science and humanitiesC.scienc

35、e has more similarities rather than differences than humanitiesD.scientists should base their theory on qualitative information(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Curriculum Designed to Unite Art and ScienceB.A Better Scholar who Abandoned Physics for NovelC.A

36、Disastrous War between Science and HumanitiesD.Dr. Wilson“s Contribution to the American Education六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee vented their fury over high gasoline prices at executives of the nation“s five largest oil companies on Wednesday, grilling the oilmen

37、 over their multimillion-dollar pay packages and warning them that Congress was intent on taking action that could include a new tax on so-called windfall profits. Such showdowns between lawmakers and oil titans have become a familiar routine on Capitol Hill. But with gas prices nearing $ 4 a gallon

38、, and lawmakers headed home for a weeklong Memorial Day recess where they expect to get an earful from angry constituents, there is added urgency for Congress to appear active. But while momentum is building for several measures, including a bill that would allow the Organization of the Petroleum Ex

39、porting Countries to be sued in American courts under antitrust laws, there is little sign that any of the proposals would do much, if anything, to lower prices quickly. And the oil executives warned that government intervention might only make things worse. Instead, they called on Congress to allow

40、 more drilling and exploration for domestic oil. The increasing urgency to seem aggressive about gasoline prices was apparent on Tuesday when the House voted by an overwhelming 324 to 84 to approve the bill, commonly referred to as NOPEC, which classifies OPEC as a monopoly in violation of the Sherm

41、an Antitrust Act. Senate Democrats have included that measure as part of a package of legislation intended to address the high price of gasoline, along with the tax on windfall profits and a measure to tamp down speculation in the oil futures market that many lawmakers think is contributing to the r

42、un-up in prices. At the Judiciary Committee hearing, Democratic senators struggled to have the executives explain how oil prices had risen so high. The senators expressed doubt that basic laws of supply and demand were at work and suggested instead a more sinister combination of monopolistic behavio

43、r by oil-producing countries, speculation in the futures markets and sheer corporate greed. On Monday, President Bush signed a bill temporarily suspending the purchase of crude oil for the nation“s Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Mr. Bush had initially opposed such action but relented after the House a

44、nd Senate approved the bill by wide margins. Senator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois and a strong supporter of Senator Baraek Obama“s presidential bid, made a particularly pointed attack, in which he seemed to warn the oil executives that they would soon no longer have such a good friend in

45、the White House. He also suggested that Mr. Bush should be doing more to press the oil companies to help lower prices at the pump, while acknowledging that it would be difficult to pass a windfall profits tax while Mr. Bush was still in office.（分数：10.00）(1).Senate Democrats were angry with the oilme

46、n because_.（分数：2.00）A.they get tax-free pay packagesB.Congress took on actions but in vainC.the showdowns were merely a routineD.oil prices had risen so high(2).From the text we can learn that the bill allowing OPEC to be sued under antitrust laws_.（分数：2.00）A.handicaps more drilling and exploration

47、for domestic oilB.is a kind of government intervention that only makes things worseC.turns out to be less influential to decrease oil price rapidlyD.is in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act(3).The approval of the bill, NOPEC, on Tuesday implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.it is necessary to impose tax on w

48、indfall profitsB.it is urgent to fight against monopolyC.it is pressing to think much of the ever-increasing oil pricesD.it is important to resort to NOPEC(4).According to Democratic senators, which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to soaring oil prices?（分数：2.00）A.The basic laws of supp

49、ly and demand.B.The monopoly of oil-producing countries.C.Speculation in the oil futures markets.D.Oil companies salivating over profits.(5).What can we infer form the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The nation“s Strategic Petroleum Reserve is more than adequate.B.Democrats argue that greedy oil companies are the key factor of jumping oil price.C.President Bush used to be reluctant to drag down the oil price.D.The federal law bans the windfall profits tax in Bush Government.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When older people can no longer remember