【考研类试卷】考博英语-170及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-170 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：3，分数：100.00)Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professor

2、s 1 being deposed by science, which they regarded as right-leaning. Postmodernism 2 ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is 3 and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, they argued, neither more no

3、r less 4 than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. 5 , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural 6 . This argument 7 with any feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leading to the “political correctness“

4、 justifiably 8 by Rush Limbaugh and the-“mental masturbation“ lampooned by Woody Allen. Acceptance of this relativistic worldview 9 democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson“s “trinity of three greatest men,“ showed 10 almost three centuries ago. Lock

5、e watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689 he 11 what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Unders

6、tanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faith, or opinion, but not knowledge.“ It was this ideathat the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most 12 basis for public policy that stood as Jefferson“s foundational argument for democracy. By falsely 13 knowledge with

7、 opinion, postmodernists and antiscience conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is 14 to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducin

8、g us to a world in which might 15 rightthe classic definition of authoritarianism.（分数：30.00）A.satisfied withB.angry withC.displeased atD.proud ofA.discountedB.doubtedC.adoptedD.sharedA.objectiveB.subjectiveC.culturalD.relativeA.variableB.validC.valuableD.variousA.HoweverB.ThereforeC.OtherwiseD.Furth

9、ermoreA.assimilationB.inhibitionC.representationD.oppressionA.resonatedB.agreedC.appealedD.respondedA.likedB.approvedC.verifiedD.hatedA.offsetsB.producesC.underminesD.strengthensA.whenB.whatC.whyD.whichA.foundB.definedC.dictatedD.claimedA.practicalB.equalC.usefulD.equitableA.identifyingB.equippingC.

10、equatingD.confusingA.deducedB.introducedC.conducedD.reducedA.decidesB.causesC.makesD.createsParents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids“ attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 16 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year

11、. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 17 the children“s attention spans by 18 their schoolteachers. 19 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By

12、 looking at video-game use 20 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 21 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn“t distinguish between the type of 22

13、 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school. “A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 23 . obviously does not have a 24 problem with paying attention,“ says Green. “ 25 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the

14、 games set up that aren“t being delivered in a school 26 ?“ Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 27 by comparison, and the same may be true 28 video games, the study notes. “We weren“t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educatio

15、nal 29 nonviolent versus violent, “says Swing, 30 that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for future research.（分数：30.00）A.followedB.trainedC.questionedD.challengedA.provokedB.speculatedC.formulatedD.assessedA.surveyingB.consideringC.persuadingD.guidingA.Con

16、tinuedB.PreviousC.LaterD.OngoingA.far fromB.except forC.as well asD.instead ofA.forB.toC.onD.ofA.competitionB.techniqueC.attentionD.strategyA.on endB.at lengthC.now and thenD.in and outA.similarB.relevantC.seriousD.trickyA.WhatB.WhyC.WhenD.WhereA.settingB.sceneC.frameD.platformA.industriousB.limited

17、C.dullD.funnyA.onB.atC.inD.forA.orB.againstC.whileD.withA.addingB.addsC.addedD.having addedMost worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 31 should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 32 , most people make seve

18、ral job choices during their working lives, 33 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve 34 position. The “one perfect job“ does not exist. Young people should 35 enter into a broad flexible training program that will 36 them for a field of work rather than for a single 37 . U

19、nfortunately many young people have to make career plans 38 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 39 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 40 . Some drift from job to job. Others 41 to work in

20、 which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for 42 real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school studentsor their parents for themchoose the professional field, 43 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the

21、 extremely high educational and personal 44 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “white-collar“ job is 45 good reason for choosing it as life“s work. 46 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 47 of young p

22、eople should give serious 48 to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 49 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some want security; others are willing to take 50 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demand

23、s as well as its rewards.（分数：40.00）A.identificationB.entertainmentC.accommodationD.occupationA.howeverB.thereforeC.thoughD.therebyA.entirelyB.mainlyC.partlyD.especiallyA.itsB.hisC.ourD.theirA.sinceB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.foreverA.makeB.fitC.takeD.leaveA.jobB.wayC.meansD.companyA.toB.forC.withoutD.

24、withA.littleB.fewC.muchD.a lotA.chanceB.basisC.purposeD.opportunityA.applyB.appealC.stickD.turnA.ourB.itsC.yourD.theirA.concerningB.followingC.consideringD.disregardingA.preferencesB.requirementsC.tendenciesD.ambitionsAaB.anyC.noD.theA.ThereforeB.HoweverC.NeverthelessD.MoreoverA.majorityB.massC.mino

25、rityD.multitudeA.proposalB.suggestionC.considerationD.appraisalA.towardsB.againstC.out ofD.withoutA.turnsB.partsC.choicesD.risks考博英语-170 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：3，分数：100.00)Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated

26、on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors 1 being deposed by science, which they regarded as right-leaning. Postmodernism 2 ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is 3 and subje

27、ct to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, they argued, neither more nor less 4 than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. 5 , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural 6 .

28、This argument 7 with any feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leading to the “political correctness“ justifiably 8 by Rush Limbaugh and the-“mental masturbation“ lampooned by Woody Allen. Acceptance of this relativistic worldview 9 democracy and leads not to tolerance but

29、to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson“s “trinity of three greatest men,“ showed 10 almost three centuries ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? I

30、n 1689 he 11 what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faith, or opinion, but not knowledge.“ It was this ideathat the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is

31、the most 12 basis for public policy that stood as Jefferson“s foundational argument for democracy. By falsely 13 knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and antiscience conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discour

32、se is 14 to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might 15 rightthe classic definition of authoritarianism.（分数：30.00）A.satisfied withB.angry withC.displeased at D.proud of解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 satisfied

33、with满意的；angry with 愤怒的，生气的；displeased at不高兴的；proud of 自豪的。文章要表达的意思是人文学教授发起运动来表达对被科学所罢黜的现象的不满，他们认为这是右倾。所以正确答案是 C选项。A.discountedB.doubtedC.adopted D.shared解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 discount打折，贴现；doubt 怀疑；adopt 采纳；share 共享。这句话的意思是后现代主义采纳了文化人类学和相对理论的某些观点。所以正确答案选 C选项。A.objectiveB.subjectiveC.culturalD.relative 解析

34、：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 objective客观的；subjective 主观的；cultural 文化的；relative相对的。这句话的意思是，真相是相对的、主观的，受制于观察者的假设和偏见。所以正确答案是 D选项。A.variableB.valid C.valuableD.various解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 variable可变的，不定的；valid 正确的，有效的；valuable 重要的，有价值的；various 不同的，多方面的。这句话的意思是，科学只是认知的众多方式中的一种，并不比其他方式更有效，所以 B选项是正确的答案。A.HoweverB.ThereforeC

35、.OtherwiseD.Furthermore 解析：解析 此空格的前文说科学只是认知的众多方式中的一种。这句话接着说他们对科学的定义，由此可知前后文为递进关系。四个选项中只有 D选项表递进关系，所以正确答案是 D选项。A.assimilationB.inhibitionC.representationD.oppression 解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 assimilation同化；inhibition 禁止，压抑；representation 表示，表现；oppression 压迫。这句话说，他们将科学定义为白种人的认知方式，而且是作为文化压迫的一种工具。所以正确答案是 D选项。A.

36、resonated B.agreedC.appealedD.responded解析：解析 由这个句子中的“广泛采用”可推知，这一观点受到许多女权主义者和民权主义者的认同。B选项 agree应与 by搭配，表示受到某人认同。只有 A选项与 with搭配符合上下文意思，表示“得到回应”。所以正确答案是 A选项。A.likedB.approvedC.verifiedD.hated 解析：解析 这句话中后半部分 and分句表示这一运动受到 Woody Allen的讽刺，由此可以推出，空格处也是表示否定的意思。四个选项中只有 D选项表示否定的含义，所以答案是 D选项。A.offsetsB.produce

37、sC.undermines D.strengthens解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 offset抵消；produce 产生；undermine 暗暗破坏；strengthen 加强，强化。此句后面说到这会导致独裁主义，由此可知这会破坏民主。因此正确答案是 C选项。A.whenB.whatC.why D.which解析：解析 前文说接受这种相对主义的世界观会破坏民主，导致独裁主义。这句话说大约三个世纪前，John Locke展示了会出现这种情况的原因。所以正确答案是 C选项。A.foundB.defined C.dictatedD.claimed解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 find发现

38、；define 下定义；dictate 命令，规定；claim 声称。句意是，1689 年，他给知识是什么以及它的依据何在进行了定义，四个选项中只有 B选项符合原文的意思。A.practicalB.equalC.usefulD.equitable 解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 practical实际的；equal 平等的；useful 有用的；equitable 公平的，公正的。句子的意思是，世界是可知的、客观的，以经验为依据的知识是公共政策最基础。前文一直在说民主，由此可推出，这一观点认为以经验为依据的知识是制定公共政策最公正的基础。因此可以推出答案是 D选项。A.identifying

39、B.equippingC.equating D.confusing解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 identify识别，辨认；equip 使人配备必需品；equate把视为，等同于；confuse 混淆。句子的意思是错误地将知识等同于观点，根据句意，正确答案是 C选项。A.deducedB.introducedC.conducedD.reduced 解析：解析 四个选项的意思分别是 deduce推论，演绎出，后面接 from；introduce 介绍，引进；conduce有助于，有益于；reduce 使沦落为。句子意思是，公众话语权无止境的敌对观点，没有哪一观点比其他观点更为有效。根据句意可

40、知，这句话含有否定的意思，四个选项中 D选项最符合上下文意思，因此正确答案是 D选项。A.decidesB.causesC.makes D.creates解析：解析 这句话后面的意思是，强权即公理。decide 决定；cause 导致，引起；make 意为成为之原因；create 意为创造。此处 might makes right.强权即公理，为固定搭配，所以正确答案是 C选项。Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids“ attention spans than watching TV

41、may want to reconsider. Some researchers 16 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 17 the children“s attention spans by 18 their schoolteacher

42、s. 19 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 20 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 21 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist a

43、t the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn“t distinguish between the type of 22 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school. “A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 23 . obviously does not have a 24 problem with paying attention,“ says

44、 Green. “ 25 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren“t being delivered in a school 26 ?“ Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 27 by comparison, and the same may be true 28 video

45、games, the study notes. “We weren“t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 29 nonviolent versus violent, “says Swing, 30 that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for future research.（分数：30.00）A.followed B.trainedC.questionedD.chal

46、lenged解析：解析 A 项“follow”意为“追踪”；B 项“train”意为“训练”；C 项“question”意为“质疑”；D 项“challenge”意为“挑战”，句意是研究人员进行跟踪调查，因此选择 A。A.provokedB.speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed 解析：解析 A 项“provoke”意为“煽动”；B 项“speculate”意为“猜测”；C 项“formulate”意为“制定”；D 项“assess”意为“评估，评定”，由句意可知，“研究人员评估孩子们的注意力”，因此选择 D。A.surveying B.consideringC.pe

47、rsuadingD.guiding解析：解析 A 项“survey”意为“调查”；B 项“consider”意为“考虑”；C 项“persuade”意为“劝说”；D 项“guide”意为“引导”，由句意可知，“通过调查学校老师来评估”，因此选择 A。A.ContinuedB.Previous C.LaterD.Ongoing解析：解析 A 项“Continued”意为“持续的；B 项“Previous”意为“先前的”；C 项“Later”意为“以后的”；D 项“Ongoing”意为“正在进行的”，句意是说先前的研究，因此选择 B。A.far fromB.except forC.as well

48、as D.instead of解析：解析 A 项“far from”意为“远离，一点也不”；B 项“except for”意为“除之外”；C项“as well as”意为“和一样”；D 项“instead of”意为“是而不是”，由句意可知，“视频游戏和看电视一样影响注意力”，因此选择 C。A.forB.to C.onD.of解析：解析 此处为固定搭配，“have a relationship to sth.”意为“与某事有关”，句意是说这两种活动与孩子注意力有类似关系，因此选择 B。A.competitionB.techniqueC.attention D.strategy解析：解析 A 项

49、“competition”意为“竞争”；B 项“technique”意为“技术”；C 项“attention”意为“注意力”；D 项“strategy”意为“策略”，句意是说没有区分在视频游戏中和在学校的注意力的不同之处，因此选择 C。A.on end B.at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out解析：解析 A 项“on end”意为“连续地”；B 项“at length”意为“详尽地”；C 项“now and then”意为“不时地”；D 项“in and out”意为“进进出出地”，句子是说孩子连续玩几小时视频游戏，因此选择 A。A.similarB.relevantC.serious D.tricky解析：解析 A 项“similar”意为“相似的”；B 项“relevant”意为“相关的”；C 项“serious”意为“严重的”；D 项“tricky”意为“狡猾的”，句子是说很明显注意力并不具有严重问题，因此选择C。A.WhatB.Why C.WhenD.Where解析：解析 此处要根据句意来选择，该句是说，为什么在学校里不能集中注意力，而却