ISO TR 5925-2-2006 Fire tests - Smoke-control door and shutter assemblies - Part 2 Commentary on test method and the applicability of test conditions and the us.pdf

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1、 Reference number ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) ISO 2006TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 5925-2 Second edition 2006-07-15 Fire tests Smoke-control door and shutter assemblies Part 2: Commentary on test method and the applicability of test conditions and the use of test data in a smoke containment strategy Essais au

2、feu Assemblages porte et volet pare-fume Partie 2: Commentaires sur la mthode dessai et applicabilit des conditions dessai et emploi des donnes dessai dans une stratgie de confinement de la fume ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Ado

3、bes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy

4、. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every car

5、e has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may

6、 be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.

7、+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reservedISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 General principles. 2 4 Smo

8、ke control. 3 5 Appropriateness of the test conditions and the selection of sealing system 10 6 Use of test outputs . 11 Bibliography . 12 ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national stan

9、dards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International org

10、anizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given

11、 in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75

12、 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating m

13、embers to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o

14、f patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 5925-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 2, Fire containment. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 5925-2:1997), which has

15、been technically revised. ISO/TR 5925 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire tests Smoke-control door and shutter assemblies: Part 1 1) : Ambient and medium temperature leakage test procedure Part 2: Commentary on test method and the applicability of test conditions and the us

16、e of test data in a smoke containment strategy 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 5925-1:1981) ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction Technical Committee ISO/TC92, Fire Safety, has prepared ISO 5925-1, a test specification for smoke control doors. In a fire, the decompos

17、ition of materials results in the production of heat and fire gases containing smoke particles. The associated expansion of gases can lead to the creation of a pressure differential across door faces often influenced by wind pressures, mechanical or natural smoke extract systems, stack effect or a c

18、ombination of these. This pressure differential induces the movement of smoke or air past any openings or gaps, including those in a door assembly. Schemes to keep areas within buildings free of smoke use various techniques, including barriers to its movement, exhausting, dilution, pressurization, e

19、ither singly or in some suitable combination of all of these. Where the pressure differential across the door is positive, i.e. gases are being driven through any gap; standard tests have been developed to measure the leakage of smoke when such conditions exist. The test method does not deal general

20、ly with doors installed in conjunction with active smoke control methods, such as pressurization or exhaust, and this part of ISO/TR 5925 has been prepared to assist designers to specify doors that have the appropriate smoke control characteristics for the situation in which they are being used. In

21、addition to identifying when the door is likely to have a passive smoke control function, this part of ISO/TR 5925 tries to make it clear as to when ambient or medium temperature smoke control is appropriate, and when the threshold gap is significant. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) ISO 2006

22、All rights reserved 1 Fire tests Smoke-control door and shutter assemblies Part 2: Commentary on test method and the applicability of test conditions and the use of test data in a smoke containment strategy 1 Scope This Technical Report provides a commentary that explains the general philosophy and

23、factors on which the test specified in Part 1 of ISO 5925 has been designed, to describe the limitations of its application and to provide some general guidance for those who use the result of the test. Smoke control-door and shutter assemblies can be used as part of a smoke containment strategy for

24、 the purposes of life safety or property protection. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Part 1 of ISO 5925 and the following apply. 2.1 door assembly assembly comprising a fixed part (the door frame), one or more movable parts (the door leav

25、es) and its hardware NOTE The purpose of the door assembly is to allow or prevent access of persons and/or goods. The term hardware includes such items as hinges, latches, door handles, locks, keyholes (excluding keys), letter plates, sliding gear, closing devices, electrical wiring and any other it

26、ems that can influence the performance of the assembly being tested. 2.2 shutter assembly assembly comprising fixed parts, e.g. a barrel housing and vertical guides and one or more moveable parts, normally in the form of a curtain constructed from linked metal laths, or other flexible material and a

27、 barrel on which the curtain is wound together with any powered mechanism, e.g. an electric motor and its associate power supply NOTE The shutter assembly is to allow the passage of goods, vehicles or persons, albeit where the shutter is normally closed in use, a personnel door should be provided fo

28、r the passage of persons. 2.3 fire door door or shutter assembly capable of maintaining for a specified period some, or all of the fire resistance criteria defined in ISO 3008, as appropriate for the door in use 2.4 smoke control door door or shutter assembly whose primary function is to restrict th

29、e passage of smoke as determined by a test in accordance with Part 1 of ISO 5925 ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.5 fire and smoke control door door or shutter assembly meeting some, or all of the criteria for fire and smoke control as appropriate for the door in use 2.6 ambient

30、 temperature for the purpose of this Technical Report, ambient temperature is an air temperature of (20 10) C 2.7 medium temperature for the purpose of this Technical Report, medium temperature is an air temperature of (200 20) C 2.8 high temperature temperature representative of a standardized full

31、y developed fire which is as specified in ISO 834-1 NOTE For ease of use, doors are identified by a code letter/number and these are shown in Figure 1. 2.9 make-up air air that is made available to dilute the fire gases in order to reduce their temperature 3 General principles 3.1 Smoke and its infl

32、uence Smoke is the term used to describe the airborne products of combustion generated by the fire, together with large volumes of air that become entrained into them due to their motion. These combustion products can contain solid and liquid particulates within a gaseous mass. Almost all fires prod

33、uce smoke, which, when enclosed by a building, has the potential to become extremely hazardous to its occupants and damaging to property. Most deaths in fires are due to smoke inhalation, rather than to the victim having been burned. The gaseous combustion products, chiefly carbon dioxide and water

34、vapour, usually include toxic gases, the most common being carbon monoxide, although hydrogen cyanide and other minor species can be present to some extent. Amongst these, irritant gases such as acrolein can have a significant effect on people attempting to escape fire. The solid and liquid fraction

35、s of the products of combustion are also responsible for the poor visibility through smoke. This adds to the problems presented by the smoke. Not only is it physiologically hazardous in its own right, but escape through it is made more difficult by it obscuring escape routes. These fractions can the

36、mselves be irritants and can be particularly dangerous to people who are subject to asthma or other respiratory problems. Smoke can also cause damage to property. Most fires produce soot and many generate corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride. The effect of these on sensitive equipment can be re

37、sponsible for large monetary losses due to equipment damage, the need for system clean-up and subsequent business interruption. 3.2 Smoke dynamics All fires start from an ignition and grow at a rate generally determined by the environment in which the fire starts and the nature of the materials invo

38、lved in the event. Sometimes the fire can smoulder for a considerable period, especially if the materials that have been ignited have a low rate of heat release or the environment does not readily sustain combustion. Smoke produced during such a fire has very little buoyancy and whatever buoyancy it

39、 has due to gas density differentials as a result of increased temperature is soon lost. ISO/TR 5925-2:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 Smoke produced under these low temperature conditions is, therefore, subject to the movement dominated by the ambient air current, particularly any that is in

40、duced by mechanical means, such as ventilation and air conditioning. In the absence of ambient currents, these cool gases generally mix with the environment and do not stratify as is expected from hot buoyant gases. Once the heat release increases, the smokes buoyancy increases and it soon begins to

41、 dominate air currents in the enclosure. When the fire reaches a sufficient size, the smoke rises in a plume towards the ceiling. As it does so, it entrains large volumes of air, greatly increasing smoke volume but reducing its temperature and the concentration of chemical constituents. The total en

42、trained volume of air increases substantially with increasing height of the plume. With sufficient buoyancy, the smoke impinges the ceiling, spreading out radially to reach any side walls and then forms a layer that deepens as more smoke is produced. Smoke flows out of the enclosure of origin throug

43、h any upper openings that exist or develop. This outflow is balanced by an inflow of air usually at a lower level. The openings can exist by design or occur as a result of failure of one of the boundary elements. An opening can be part of a smoke ventilation or extract system, where either vents ope

44、n to allow smoke out or a fan-assisted ducting system exhausts the hot gases and smoke. In such cases, make-up air is required to come into the enclosure at a lower level, normally from designated sources, but also, possibly, from around doors. Doors designed to provide make-up air do not require sm

45、oke sealing around their perimeter. Similarly, one of the boundary elements most likely to fail as a result of the exposure to hot gases is windows in the external faade, where high temperature differentials on the surface of the glass can lead to shattering. Under ideal environmental conditions, th

46、is exhausts the smoke, making the need for enclosure sealing unnecessary. However, unlike a designed-in vent that is designed to work in conjunction with winds from most directions, the failure of an external window on a faade with a wind imposed on it can have the opposite effect. Any wind-induced

47、pressure in the enclosure can impose demands on the walls separating other parts of the building with respect to their ability to prevent smoke leakage through gaps. Similarly, if the enclosure is unfenestrated or where the windows do not break as a result of the thermal exposure, then the pressure

48、increases and the smoke layer deepens. A normal door is the one element in the boundary of a structure that is naturally leaky, having a gap all around the moving leaf, unless a seal is introduced to restrict it. A smoke-control door is provided to restrict the flow of smoke, whether it is wind-indu

49、ced or the result of natural buoyancy. It should be recognized, however, that any smoke transferring through door gaps is likely to lose much of its heat energy in the process and, as a consequence, the temperature and buoyancy are also reduced. Experimental work has demonstrated that smoke leaving an enclosure via narrow gaps, such as those around a door leaf perimeter, soon become fully mixed with the air. Within the enclosure, as new flammable material becomes involved as a result of increasing heat transfer to it, mor