ASTM F2682-2007(2018) Standard Guide for Determining the Buoyancy to Weight Ratio of Oil Spill Containment Boom.pdf

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1、Designation: F2682 07 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forDetermining the Buoyancy to Weight Ratio of Oil SpillContainment Boom1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2682; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio

2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes a practical method for determiningthe buoyancy to weight (B/W) ratio of oil spill

3、containmentbooms.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitat

4、ions prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Te

5、chnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms andBarriersF1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWater Body Classifications3. Terminology3.1 boom sectionlength of boom between two endconnectors. F818

6、3.2 boom segmentrepetitive identical portion of the boomsection. F8183.3 buoyancy to weight ratiogross buoyancy divided byboom weight. F8183.4 gross buoyancyweight of fresh water displaced by aboom totally submerged.3.5 reserve buoyancygross buoyancy minus boom weight.F8184. Significance and Use4.1

7、This guide describes a method of determining thebuoyancy to weight ratio of spill response booms. The prin-ciple is based on Archimedes Law, which states that a bodyeither wholly or partially immersed in a fluid will experiencean upward force equal and opposite to the weight of the fluiddisplaced by

8、 it.4.2 Unless otherwise specified, when used in this guide, theterm buoyancy to weight ratio (B/W ratio) refers to the grossbuoyancy to weight ratio. Buoyancy is an indicator of a spillresponse booms ability to follow the water surface whenexposed to current forces, fouling due to microbial growth(

9、which adds weight), and wave conditions. Surface conditionsother than quiescent will have an adverse effect on collection orcontainment performance. When waves are present, confor-mance to the surface is essential to prevent losses. Minimumbuoyancy to weight ratios for oil spill containment booms ar

10、especified in Guide F1523 for various environmental conditions.4.3 This guide provides the methodology necessary todetermine the buoyancy to weight ratio using a fluid displace-ment method. This method is typically applied to boomshaving relatively low B/W ratios (in the range of 2:1 to 10:1).Booms

11、with greater buoyancies may also be tested in thismanner. It is acceptable to use calculation methods to estimateboom displacement for booms with buoyancies greater than10:1, where the potential error in doing so would have a lesssignificant effect on performance.4.4 When evaluating the B/W ratio of

12、 a spill response boom,consideration must be given to the inherent properties of theboom that may affect the net B/W ratio while in use. Theseconsiderations include, but are not limited to, absorption offluids into flotation materials, membranes that are abradedduring normal use, and entry of water

13、into components of theboom.The entry of water into boom components is of particularconcern with booms that contain their flotation element withinan additional membrane. (This is the case for many booms thatuse rolled-foam flotation and relatively lightweight material forthe boom membrane.) It is als

14、o important for booms that have1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last prev

15、ious edition approved in 2012 as F2682 07(2012)1.DOI: 10.1520/F2682-07R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe

16、ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelop

17、ment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1pockets that enclose cable or chain tension members or ballast.When new, the membrane enclosure may contain air thatwould result in increased buoyancy. In n

18、ormal use, the mem-brane material may be easily abraded such that it would nolonger contain air, and water would be allowed in at abrasionlocations. For such booms, the membrane enclosure shall notbe considered as part of the flotation of the boom, and themembrane shall be intentionally punctured to

19、 allow water toenter during the test procedure.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 Displacement MethodBuoyancy to weight ratio isestimated using two key values, the dry weight of the boomand the gross buoyancy of the boom. Weight of the boom ismeasured directly. The gross buoyancy is equal to the weight of

20、fresh water displaced by a boom totally submerged. Grossbuoyancy is measured by submerging the boom, measuring thevolume of water that is displaced, and calculating the weight ofthe displaced water.6. Equipment Requirements6.1 This method requires a scale to measure the dry weightof the boom, an ope

21、n-top tank sufficient in volume andfootprint area to physically hold the boom section or segment,a means of submerging the test section, a fresh water supply,and a method of accurately measuring the volume of water thatis delivered to the tank. A recommended method of restrainingthe booms buoyant fo

22、rce is to use a fabricated grid ofdimensional lumber or steel that fits inside the tank surfacearea. The grid would be positioned above the boom such thatit holds the boom underwater when the tank is filled.6.2 The preferred method of determining the displacementof the boom is to use a complete boom

23、 section including endconnectors, tension members and ballast, and so forth. Depend-ing on the size of the boom, it may be more practical tomeasure only a portion of the boom (several segments, forexample) and to scale the results. It is helpful, but not essential,that the tank have a consistent cro

24、ss-sectional area. Prior to use,the tank shall be leveled and a datum established from whichto obtain relative measurements.6.3 For accurate results, the surface area of the tank shall notgreatly exceed the area that the boom occupies within the tank.A recommended rule-of-thumb for this is that the

25、surface areaof the tank be no greater than twice the area occupied by theboom or boom segments being tested.7. Test Method7.1 The following is a summary of the methodology formeasuring buoyancy-to-weight ratio. The methodology is in-tentionally generalized to allow the user to employ alternativetest

26、 apparatus that may be readily available.7.2 Obtain the dry weight of the boom to be tested (section,segments, and/or components) and record the weight.7.3 Inspect the boom for areas that may trap air during thetest. These include: ballast chain pocket, layers of fabric sowntogether, and voids at hi

27、nges, connectors, and flotation cham-bers. A means of allowing water to fill these air pockets mustbe provided for accurate results.7.4 Place the boom within the (empty) tank, orienting it ina close to upright position as it would be deployed for use.When placing the boom in the tank, care shall be

28、taken to notintroduce folds in the boom skirt that could trap air, andorienting the boom in a close to upright position is recom-mended to aid in this.7.5 Place the submerging grid (or other device to restrainthe boom below water) in position. There shall be enoughspace for the boom to float freely

29、as the tank is filled.7.6 Fill the tank with water and allow sufficient time fortrapped air to escape. Filling the tank to submerge the boomshall take no less than one hour, during which time the flotationelement and the skirt shall be moved around to facilitate therelease of trapped air. (Note that

30、 this must be done periodically,and will be difficult or impossible once the boom is submergedand its buoyant force is holding the boom against the restrain-ing grid.)7.7 Once the boom and the restraining grid have beensubmerged, record the volume of water that has been deliveredand mark the water l

31、evel from the datum.7.8 Remove the boom from the tank and empty the tank.With the boom removed and the restraining grid back in place,fill the tank again to the same water level. Record the volumeof water that is delivered to achieve this. The differencebetween this and the measurement in 7.7 will b

32、e the displace-ment of the boom.8. Accuracy8.1 Given the use of the data, a reasonable goal in this testwould be to achieve an accuracy of the buoyancy-to-weightratio of less than 610 %. With an accurate and recentlycalibrated load cell, the tester should be able to determine theweight of the boom t

33、o within less than 61 %. Therefore, themain test requirement is to measure the buoyancy of the boomto an accuracy of less than 610 %.8.2 The required accuracy has implications for equipmentselection, particularly the test tank. Assuming that the waterlevel can only be measured to an accuracy of 61 m

34、m (orapproximately116 in.), the tester can estimate the correspond-ing accuracy of the measured water volume. This shall becompared with the estimated volume measurement of the boom(see 7.8) to ensure that it is within the required 610 %.8.3 Accurately measuring the water level is critical to anaccu

35、rate estimation of the booms displacement. One method isto scribe a datum mark at an appropriate height, and use thedatum as the “fill” mark. Alternatively, a scaled ruler can bemounted at an appropriate location. In both cases, it is essentialthat the test tank be undisturbed through the test perio

36、d so thatsuccessive tests, and duplicate test runs to establish accuracy,can be performed using the same datum. Whatever the mea-surement method used, the tester shall confirm through dupli-cate tests that the selected method achieves the requiredaccuracy.F2682 07 (2018)28.4 Totalizing flow meters a

37、re available with a statedaccuracy of 62 %, and can be installed on the water supply (tothe tank) to provide an accurate estimate of the total volume ofwater delivered to the tank. Duplicate tests shall be performedto confirm the required accuracy.9. Potential Sources of Error9.1 The following items

38、 are the most likely sources ofpotential error, other than error due to imprecise measurementtechniques. The tester shall be aware of and take appropriateprecautions for each of these items.9.2 The most likely source of error is related to the potentialtrapping of air between flotation chambers or w

39、ithin folded-over portions of the skirt or sail. Trapped air would lead to anincrease in apparent buoyancy. As noted above, the boom mustbe observed periodically as the tank is filled, and the boommust be manually agitated to ensure that trapped air is freedfrom the boom. This means that the filling

40、 process shall bedone over a period of no less than one or two hours to allowample time for inspection and agitation of the boom.9.3 If the tank used for the displacement measurement hasremovable or hinged doors, leakage from the tank may be ofconcern. If leakage cannot be stopped or controlled it m

41、ay bepossible to collect any such leakage and its volume taken intoaccount in the displacement measurement.9.4 If the boom being tested has been used previously, itsweight may be affected by water trapped within the boom or bythe presence of marine growth.9.5 If the boom being tested is less than a

42、full section, theweight and displacement of the connectors shall be adjustedproportionately.10. Calculation Methods10.1 Calculation methods for estimating boom displacementare acceptable for booms with buoyancies greater than 10:1,where the potential error in doing so would have a lesssignificant ef

43、fect on boom performance. Calculation methodsare also acceptable for booms that are self-inflating, and boomsthat have a continuous buoyancy chamber, where it would bedifficult to measure by the above displacement method.10.2 Calculations are made to estimate the displaced vol-ume of each of the com

44、ponents of a boom section. As with thedisplacement method, components that may not contribute tobuoyancy during normal use shall not be included, specifically,membranes containing solid flotation that may lose theirbuoyant effect when abraded during normal usage.10.3 When calculating displacement vo

45、lumes, care must betaken to account for reductions in cross-section of the flotationelement. For example, flotation chambers may be tapered,greatly reduced, or eliminated at the end of each segment orsection, and this shall be accounted for in the displacementcalculation.10.4 Calculations will lead

46、to a total displacement volume,which is then multiplied by the density of fresh water to resultin total buoyancy in pounds. Total buoyancy is then divided bygross dry weight to produce the buoyancy-to-weight ratio.11. Keywords11.1 boom; buoyancy; oil spill control equipment; oil spillresponse; spill

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