ASTM F2137-2004(2009) Standard Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and Devices.pdf

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1、Designation: F 2137 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Practice forMeasuring the Dynamic Characteristics of AmusementRides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2137; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi

2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers acquisition of data related to thedynamic characteristics of amusement rides an

3、d devices.1.2 This practice also defines the specific requirements of aStandardized Amusement Ride Characterization Test (SARCTest) for use in characterizing the dynamic motion of anamusement ride or device.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in

4、parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 SAE Standard:2SAE J211 Instrumentation for Impact Tests3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aliasinga phenomenon associated with sampleddata systems, wh

5、erein a signal containing significant energy atfrequencies greater than one half of the system sample fre-quency manifests itself in the sampled data as a lowerfrequency (aliased) signal. Aliasing can be avoided only bylimiting the frequency content of the signal prior to thesampling process. Once a

6、 signal has been aliased, it is notpossible to reconstruct the original signal from the sampleddata.3.1.2 calibration constantthe arithmetic mean of the sen-sitivity coefficients, evaluated at frequencies that are evenlyspaced on a logarithmic scale between FLand FH.3.1.3 calibration valuethe ratio

7、of the reference calibra-tion system output, in engineering units relevant to the trans-ducer, to the data channel output, in volts, as measured atconstant excitation frequency and amplitude.3.1.4 channel frequency class (CFC)a frequency responseenvelope that conforms to Fig. 1 and is referred to by

8、 the valueFHin hertz. The CFC frequency response envelope is definedby the boundaries shown in Fig. 1 and the following charac-teristic frequencies:FLPass band lower limit (hertz). Always equal to zero(0.0) hertz.FHPass band upper limit (hertz). The CFC designator.FNThe corner or knee of the frequen

9、cy response envelope.Always equal to or greater than 1.667 3 FH.FSThe minimum sample frequency for a sampled datasystem that corresponds to the designated CFC. Always equalto or greater than 12 3 FH.3.1.4.1 DiscussionFL, FH, FN, and FSare always specifiedin hertz. While the characteristics of the CF

10、C may be appliedto individual components of a data channel, the CFC is, bydefinition, the frequency response envelope of the entire datachannel from the mounted transducer to the final representationof the acquired data.3.1.5 coordinate systemthree orthogonal axes that inter-sect at an origin whose

11、positive directions correspond to theright-hand rule.3.1.5.1 measurement coordinate systema coordinate sys-tem that provides the reference axes and sign convention forthe test data record(s).3.1.5.2 patron coordinate systema coordinate system thatis fixed with respect to the human upper torso and or

12、iented asin Fig. 2.3.1.5.3 vehicle coordinate systema coordinate system thatis fixed with respect to the ride or device being tested.3.1.6 data channelthe entire instrumentation system for asingle channel of data acquisition; from the transducer to thefinal representation of the data, including all

13、post-acquisitiondata processing that may alter the amplitude or frequencycontent of the data.3.1.7 data channel full scalethe maximum usable value,in units of the physical phenomenon being measured, that maybe represented by a data channel. This value is determined bythe data channel component with

14、the lowest full-scale range.3.1.8 free-run timea period of time during the ride cyclewhen no energy is added to the ride vehicle.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 on AmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.10 on TestMethods.Current

15、 edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2137 04.2Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale, PA 15096.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C

16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 full-scalethe maximum usable value, in units of thephysical phenomenon being measured, which may be repre-sented by a data channel or some component thereof.3.1.10 “g”the standard acceleration due to gravity at thesurface of the earth. Defined as 32.2

17、ft/s/s or 9.81 m/s/s.3.1.11 nonlinearitythe ratio, in percent, of the maximumdifference between a calibration value and the correspondingvalue determined from the straight line defined by the sensi-tivity coefficient and zero bias.3.1.12 reference calibration systemthe entire calibrationinstrumentat

18、ion system from the reference transducer to theoutput device that provides the calibration excitation value inengineering units appropriate to the physical phenomenonbeing measured.3.1.13 resolutionthe lowest magnitude data channel out-put value that can be identified as non-zero.3.1.14 sensitivity

19、coeffcientthe slope of the straight linerepresenting the best fit, as determined by the method of leastFIG. 1 Frequency Response EnvelopeFIG. 2 Patron Coordinate SystemF 2137 04 (2009)2squares, to calibration values generated at a single frequencyand at various amplitudes within the data channel ful

20、l scalerange. In the special case where only a single calibration valueis considered, the sensitivity coefficient and the calibrationvalue will be equal.3.1.15 standardized amusement ride characterization test(SARC Test)an instrumented test of an amusement ride ordevice that is done in conformance t

21、o the general specificationsof this standard and the particular specifications of Section 12.3.1.16 test data recordthe uninterrupted time record ofdata channel value(s) that results from a data acquisitionsession. the length of a data acquisition session is not specified.The data acquisition sessio

22、n is considered complete (or inter-rupted) when data is not recorded for a time interval longerthan the sampling period of the data recorder. Both a strip chartpaper record and a computer data file containing periodicallysampled data channel values are typical forms of a test datarecord.3.1.17 test

23、documentationthe entire body of documenta-tion pertaining to a test performed in compliance with thispractice, including, but not limited to, the test data record(s),data channel specifications and other test specifications, andinformation as provided in this practice (see Section 11 and12.1.9).3.1.

24、18 transducerthe device at the front end of the datachannel that converts a physical phenomenon, such as accel-eration, to a calibrated electrical signal that may be input to theremainder of the data channel.3.1.19 transverse sensitivitythe sensitivity of a rectilineartransducer to excitation along

25、an axis that is perpendicular toits nominal sensitive axis.3.1.20 zero biasthe magnitude of the data channel outputwhen the transducer input is zero or static.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended for use whenever the dynamiccharacteristics of an amusement ride or device are to bedete

26、rmined. The existence of this practice is not intended toimply that there is a requirement to perform specific testing onamusement rides or devices.4.2 The general provisions of this practice provide instru-mentation specifications, data acquisition and testing proce-dures, and documentation require

27、ments that when applied willimprove the repeatability, reliability, and utility of the testresults.4.3 Based on the general provisions of this practice, theSARC Test specifications, when followed, will yield standard-ized test results regarding the patron-related, dynamic motionof amusement rides or

28、 devices. The SARC Test will facilitateboth the meaningful comparison of the dynamic motion ofdifferent amusement rides or devices and the tracking ofchanges, if any, in the dynamic characteristics of a given rideor device.5. Data Channel Performance Specifications5.1 CFC DefinitionsThe following ch

29、annel frequencyclasses are defined as standard:CFC10ACFC60BFL0.0 Hz 0.0 HzFH10.0 Hz 60.0 HzFN16.7 Hz 100 HzFS120 Hz 720 HzACFC10 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition oflower frequency events.BCFC60 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition ofhig

30、her frequency events.Other channel frequency classes may be defined as needed ordesired by the user of this practice. The proportional relation-ship between FH, FN, and FSshall be maintained for all channelfrequency classes.5.2 Minimum data channel resolution shall be 2 % of thedata channel full sca

31、le.5.3 Maximum nonlinearity shall be 2.5 % of the datachannel full scale.5.4 Minimum time base resolution shall be 1/FS(s).5.5 Maximum relative delay or time shift between datachannels that are nominally acquired simultaneously shall be1/FS(s).6. Transducer Performance Specifications6.1 Transducer s

32、election shall be consistent with the in-tended test objectives and generally accepted instrumentationand engineering practice.6.2 The transducer frequency response curve shall conformto the CFC frequency response envelope from FLthrough2 3 FHand exhibit no more than +6 dB of peaking at thenatural f

33、requency of the transducer.6.3 Maximum transverse sensitivity shall be 3 %.7. Recorder Performance Specifications7.1 Analog Data Recorders:7.1.1 The analog data recorder shall provide a method bywhich the zero bias, if any, can be reduced to less than the datachannel minimum resolution prior to acqu

34、iring any test data.7.1.2 Minimum amplitude resolution shall be two 2 % of thedata channel full scale.7.1.3 Paper tape recorders (or their equivalent) shall providea minimum paper speed, in mm/s, of 1.5 3 FH(Hz).7.2 Digital Data Recorders:7.2.1 All data shall be acquired with a minimum CFC of ten.7.

35、2.2 Minimum amplitude resolution shall be 0.10 % of thedata channel full scale.7.2.3 Minimum sample rate shall be FS(Hz) for the chosenCFC.7.2.4 Protection from aliasing errors in the sampled datashall be accomplished by pre-sample filtering that conforms tothe specified CFC frequency response envel

36、ope for the datachannel.7.2.4.1 Alternate protection from aliasing errors may beaccomplished by providing appropriate pre-sample, anti-aliasF 2137 04 (2009)3filtering in conjunction with a higher-than-FSsample rate anddigital post-acquisition filtering such that the frequency re-sponse envelope of t

37、he data channel conforms to the desiredCFC frequency response envelope. The anti-alias filter charac-teristics shall be such that the maximum possible signalamplitude at one half the sampling frequency is less than thedata channel minimum resolution.8. Calibration Specifications8.1 For transducers,

38、data recorders, or any other data chan-nel component that is subject to calibration changes over time,the calibration constant and frequency response shall bedetermined and documented annually.8.2 Reference calibration instrumentation used as a second-ary standard in the calibration of a data channe

39、l or anysubsystem thereof shall have current certificates of calibrationthat are traceable to accepted national standards.8.3 The reference calibration system and calibration meth-ods shall not introduce a calibration error greater than 1.5 % ofthe data channel full scale.8.4 To establish a data cha

40、nnel or data channel componentfrequency response and calibration constant, sensitivity coef-ficients shall be determined from calibration values measuredat a minimum of one signal amplitude that represents at least50 % of the full scale range of the data channel or componentbeing calibrated and thro

41、ughout a range of frequencies from FLto 10 3 FHfor a given CFC. A minimum set of five sensitivitycoefficients establishes the frequency response of a data chan-nel or component. The minimum set of sensitivity coefficientsshall be generated at frequencies that nominally correspond tothe following CFC

42、 specifications:FL, FH, FN,23 FH, and 10 3 FN8.5 To establish nonlinearity, a minimum of one sensitivitycoefficient shall be determined from calibration values gener-ated at a minimum of three signal amplitudes that nominallycorrespond to the following percentages of the minimumfull-scale range of t

43、he data channel or data channel componentbeing calibrated: Less than 20 % of full scale, 50 % of fullscale, and 80 % of full scale. For the minimum requirement ofa single sensitivity coefficient, the nominal frequency shall behalfway between FLand FH.9. Transducer Location and Mounting9.1 General In

44、strumentation:9.1.1 Transducer location, orientation, and mountingmethod shall be consistent with the intended test objectives andgenerally accepted instrumentation and engineering practice.9.1.2 Transducers shall be mounted such that the anglebetween the sensitive axis (axes) of the transducer and

45、thecorresponding axis (axes) of the selected coordinate systemshall be no greater than 5.9.2 General Accelerometry:9.2.1 MountingTo avoid distortion in the data channelvalues, accelerometers shall be mounted so as to minimizerelative motion between the transducers and the instrumentedsurface. When d

46、eemed appropriate, an analytical or experimen-tal evaluation of transducer mounting effects on the datachannel should be provided (see 11.1.6).9.2.2 When multi-axis accelerations at a point are to bemeasured, the center of seismic mass of each accelerometershall be within 60 mm of that point. Each a

47、ccelerometer axisshall be within one degree of orthogonal relative to the otheraxes.10. Procedure10.1 The unique characteristics of a particular amusementride or device or other special circumstances may be such thatit is not reasonably possible to test in strict conformance withone or more provisio

48、ns of this practice. Any deviation(s) fromthe provisions of this practice shall be recorded so as to clearlyprovide a description of the specific deviation(s).10.2 Field Calibration:10.2.1 Where practical, all data channels should be sub-jected to a field calibration procedure to establish the relia

49、bilityof the data channel calibration.10.2.2 For accelerometer-based data channels, the fieldcalibration procedure, may take the form of a 2g “roll-over”test. The 2g “roll-over” test requires that the accelerometer beplaced with its sensitive axis perpendicular to a plane surfacethat is nominally level with respect to the earth while the outputof the data channel is recorded. The accelerometer should thenbe oriented with its sensitive axis parallel to this surface torecord a zero-g input. Next, the accelerometer should beinverted with respect to its o