ASTM F1799-1997(2004) Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits《船上生成废物管理审核的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 1799 97 (Reapproved 2004)An American National StandardStandard Guide forShipboard Generated Waste Management Audits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThis guide covers information for assistingshipowners in planning for costs or scheduling

3、complicationsduring maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotia-tions, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certainmaterials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or dis-posal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt thework schedule.1.2 Objectives:1.2.1 This gu

4、ide will describe materials that may be dis-turbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities,which may result in costly or time-consuming removal ordisposal actions.1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to iden-tify and record the locations of materials of concern forimmediate

5、planning and future reference.1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issuesrelated to the handling and storage of materials described inthis guide.1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carriedas cargo or material stored onboard in prepacka

6、ged containers.1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste productsrelated to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such assewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual productsresulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge leftin segregated ballast tanks.1.3.3 Thi

7、s guide does not provide a comprehensive index oftest methods available for characterizing the materials dis-cussed. Test methods referenced or described should be con-sidered as examples.1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regula-tory issues for any of the materials described.1.3.5

8、 This guide is not intended to address remediationconcerns.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsE 849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relatingto Occupational Exposure to Asbestos32.2 ASHRAE Standards:4ASHRAE Guideline 3, Red

9、ucing Emission of Fully Halo-genated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in Refrig-eration and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Applications2.3 EPA Methods:5EPA 600/M482020, Interim Method of the Determinationof Asbestos in Bulk Insulation SamplesEPA SW-846, Method 8080, Organochlorine Pesticides an

10、dPCBsEPA SW-846, Method 1311, Toxicity CharacteristicLeachate ProcedureEPA SW-846, Method 8270, Semi-Volatiles ListEPA SW-846, Method 8260, Volatiles List3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 audit, na process to identify waste materials asso-ciated with maintenance,

11、 repair, modifications, purchase nego-tiations, or scrapping activities, some of which may be hazard-ous, with the goal of providing planning information aboutenvironmental, health, and safety risks and related costs.3.1.2 friable, na physical state in which a dry material canbe easily crumpled, pul

12、verized, or reduced to powder by handpressure.3.1.3 mobile, adjcapable of being transported from onesurface to another.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 onMarine Environmental Protection.C

13、urrent edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F 1799 - 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume

14、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329.5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pr

15、intingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 PCB, na class of chemicals comprised of polychlo-rinated biphenyls.3.1.5 streaming agents, na type of chemical used to fightsmall, contained fir

16、es by directing the firefighting agent spe-cifically at the fire.3.1.6 target materials, nspecific materials that the auditprocess will identify for evaluation.3.1.7 waste oil, noil that cannot be reused or recycled.4. Significance and Use4.1 ApplicabilityThis guide is intended to describe aplanning

17、 audit that will improve the shipowners ability toforecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner inidentifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associ-ated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentiallyhazardous shipboard materials.4.2 UseAudits may be performed to aid

18、in planning for avariety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification,purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits shouldbe tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, withtarget materials identified during the planning process.4.3 CautionLegal restrictions on the remov

19、al and disposalof materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly fromport to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasonsfor this variation include the decentralized nature of portcontrol, state, and local environmental regulations, and thelocal availability of landfill or treat

20、ment facilities. Users of thisguide should consult local authorities to obtain information onspecific legal requirements.5. Procedure5.1 PlanningObjectives for the waste management auditshould be established at the planning stage. A well-plannedaudit will focus on target materials in critical locati

21、ons tominimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore,should be performed by environmental, health, and safetyexperts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Pastaudit reports of the area and other documentation that mayprovide insight into material characterization should be re

22、-viewed to avoid the expense of unnecessary tests. For example,construction specifications may characterize a particular mate-rial, eliminating the need for testing. In some instances,inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site maybe beneficial in planning the audit.5.2 TestingMany m

23、aterials will require sampling andcharacterization tests. A sampling plan should be followed byqualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by aqualified or certified laboratory may be required.6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes6.1 Asbestos:6.1.1 DescriptionAsbestos is the common name

24、 of anumber of substances including amosite, anthrophyllite, am-phibole, and chrysotile (1).6When asbestos becomes friable, itmay be inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body tissues andremaining there for many years. Exposure to asbestos has beenlinked to asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers. E

25、xpo-sure to cigarette smoke may increase the long-term risk ofdeveloping asbestos-related lung cancer by as much as 90 %.6.1.2 UsesMany common construction products containasbestos, although use of the material in the United States wassignificantly reduced during the 1970s. Likely products includepi

26、pe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile andlinoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard,brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly forhigh-temperature applications.6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):6.1.3.1 SamplingThe area to be sampled shoul

27、d be sub-divided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each homo-geneous area should be conducted in a statistically randommanner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples foreach area under 1000 ft2, at least five for areas between 1000and 5000 ft2, and at least seven for each area g

28、reater than 5000ft2. For piping insulation, collect at least three samples fromeach homogeneous section of piping.6.1.3.2 AnalysisSamples should not be composited foranalysis. Analysis of each sample should be conducted usingthe Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA600/M4-82-020. Under

29、current U.S. regulations, a homoge-neous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samplesfrom that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.6.1.4 Handling Precautions (3)Asbestos should only behandled by trained personnel. If asbestos must be disturbed, thearea should be isolated an

30、d well-labeled to protect employeesnot involved with the removal or repair work. Protectiveclothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and arespirator should be worn when handling asbestos, and person-nel should remove contaminated clothes and wash beforeleaving the work site. Material

31、 should be kept wet to minimizepotential for airborne fibers. Waste products should be stored inplastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected fromphysical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste,should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-markedarea. Smoking, eating, dr

32、inking, chewing, or applying cosmet-ics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure islikely. Practice E 849 provides additional details. Asbestosreplacement materials also may pose environmental, safety,and health risks.6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:6.2.1 DescriptionPCBs have many useful pro

33、perties in-cluding high stability, low vapor pressure, low flammability,high heat capacity, and low electrical conductivity. They aresuspected carcinogens, however, and have been associatedwith adverse health and reproductive effects. They also have ahigh potential for bioaccumulation in the food ch

34、ain. A numberof trade names exist for PCBs, including Aroclor, Asbestol,Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol (4).6.2.2 UsesBecause of the many positive characteristics ofPCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a great varietyof applications. The most common use has been as a dielectricfluid in tran

35、sformers, capacitors, and other electrical equip-ment. The oil also has been used in many other situations6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F 1799 97 (2004)2including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket ma-terial, and as a plas

36、ticizer in many other products. PCBs havebeen banned in the United States since the mid-1970s, butmaterials manufactured after the ban have been found tocontain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBspose a much greater risk to personnel and the environment.Typical shipboard materials that

37、 may contain mobile forms ofPCBs include electrical equipment containing dielectric fluid,oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, andhydraulic fluids.6.2.3 Test Methods:6.2.3.1 SamplingBecause of significant variation in thePCB content of similar materials, mixing or combiningsam

38、ples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly,random samples cannot prove untested items either to containor to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled usingPractices D 923.6.2.3.2 AnalysisMaterials may be analyzed using EPASW-846, Method 8080.6.2.4 Handling PrecautionsPCBs should only be

39、 handledby trained personnel. Protective equipment should be wornwhen handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skinand respiratory exposure. Work spaces should be well venti-lated (3).6.3 Refrigerants:6.3.1 DescriptionRefrigerants present similar health andenvironmental dangers and may b

40、e discussed as a group. Manyrefrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrig-erants are relatively safe and stable gases, but may displaceoxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confinedspaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute toxic effects orresult in increased cardi

41、ac sensitization at high concentrations.6.3.2 UsesA number of chemicals are used as refrigerantsin shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Almostall are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the mostcommon of the traditional refrigerants. Concern for the ozone-depleting potential o

42、f these substances has led to the introduc-tion of another common refrigerant, HFC 134a.6.3.3 Test MethodsIdentification of materials typicallywill not require testing. A quick review of system technicalmanuals should reveal the refrigerant used in the system, andany bottles containing refrigerant g

43、as should be labeled.6.3.4 Handling PrecautionsWork on air conditioning andrefrigeration systems should be performed only by qualifiedpersonnel. Refrigerants should not be intentionally released tothe atmosphere. Refrigerants present in air conditioning orrefrigeration equipment should be recovered

44、and recycled(refrigerants typically have a high resale or recycling value), asdescribed in ASHRAE Guideline 3. If accidental releaseoccurs, personnel should leave the area and avoid inhalingvapors. Personnel requiring emergency medical attention fol-lowing inhalation of refrigerants should not be gi

45、ven catechola-mine drugs, such as epinephrine, because of the potential forincreased cardiac sensitization. As a result of possible toxicby-products of combustion, refrigerants should be kept awayfrom open flame. Smoking should not be allowed in areas inwhich refrigerants may leak to the atmosphere.

46、6.4 Used or Waste Oils:6.4.1 DescriptionWaste oils include a variety of oil prod-ucts that have been contaminated through use or storage to thepoint at which they can no longer be used for their intendedpurpose. Many used oils can be recycled. This category doesnot include water contaminated with sm

47、all amounts of oil,which is addressed in 6.7.6.4.2 UsesThe primary sources of shipboard used orwaste oils are from hydraulic systems, engine room machinery,lubricating systems, and fuel systems.6.4.3 Test MethodsTests for halogen content and flashpoint are the most common, but test procedures will v

48、arydepending on the intended disposal method and suspectedcontaminants.6.4.4 Handling PrecautionsRecycling may include pro-cesses, such as reclamation, burning for energy recovery,reprocessing, or re-refining. The recycling potential of a usedoil product will be dependent on the quantity of contamin

49、antspresent. Contaminants may include arsenic, cadmium, chro-mium, lead, PCBs, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or halogens(chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Unusually low flash pointsalso may limit recycling potential, as will the presence ofdispersants or emulsifying agents. Table 1 summarizes poten-tial recycling problems associated with a variety of common oilproducts.6.5 Paint Products:6.5.1 DescriptionPaint often contains toxic constituents.Intact paint typically poses little risk, but exposure to toxicmaterials may occur during spraying, sanding, grin