ASTM E473-2009 2500 Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology.pdf

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1、Designation: E 473 09Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa

2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes

3、 only those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo-as a prefix, such as thermoana

4、-lytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagne

5、tometry.1.3 Definitions that are similar to those published by anotherstandards body are identified with the abbreviation of the nameof the organization: for example, ICTAC is the InternationalConfederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional in

6、for-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1445 Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential ofChemicals3. Terminologyadiabatic, adj no heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter,

7、 napparatus for measuring quantities of ab-sorbed or evolved bined, adjthe application of two or more techniques todifferent samples at the same time. (ICTAC) (1999)controlled-rate thermal analysis, (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a

8、chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 1Compared to controlled-temperature experiments, where thereaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can becomelimited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely toinvolve the chemical reacti

9、on as the limiting step. This technique can alsoimprove the resolution of multiple reactions. For example, in controlledrate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rateof mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample du

10、ring the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.NOTE 2In contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to thefurnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heating orcooling segments in which the temperature is chang

11、ed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independentvariable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmosphere(or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some external action(depending on the independent variable onlytemperature or time)during the cour

12、se of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperature program.curve, thermal, nthe plot of a dependent parameter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.(ICTAC) (1999)dielectric thermal analysis, (DETA or DEA), na techniquein which the dielectric constant (perm

13、ittivity, or capacitance)and dielectric loss (conductance) of a substance underoscillating electric field are measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)derivative, adjpertaining to the firs

14、t derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Publis

15、hed September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 473 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc

16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.differential, adjpertaining to a difference in measured ormeasurable quantities usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.

17、differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nA technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperaturewhile the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 3The record is the d

18、ifferential scanning calorimetric or DSCcurve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry,and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can be distinguished,depending on the method of measurement used.differential thermal analysis (DTA), nA technique in whichthe temperature di

19、fference between the substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 4The term quantitative differential thermal analysis coversthose uses of DTA where the equip

20、ment is designed to produce quantita-tive results.dilatometry, nsee Thermodilatometry.dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of temperature, time,

21、 orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is subjected toa controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenatu

22、re and amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program.(ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 5Some specific forms of EGA have become established forinvestigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation ordesorption. In this context, EGA in a

23、hydrogen atmosphere is known astemperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGAin an oxygen atmosphereis temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO); and EGA in the absence ofdecomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For each technique the method used forgas

24、identification and quantification should always be clearly stated.evolved gas detection, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflect

25、ion point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baseline , nthe value of the indepen-dent parameter at which a deflection is first observed fromthe established dependent parameter baseline prior to theevent.high-pressure, (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical te

26、chniques in which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 6As an example, high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis isdesignated HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.NOTE 7For calorimeters, if only the surroundings are isothermal, themode of operation is is

27、operibol. In isoperibol calorimeters, the tempera-ture changes with time, governed by the thermal resistance between thecalorimeter and surroundings.isothermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbe

28、en applied to the temperature program.NOTE 8As an example, a DSC experiment carried out with amodulated temperature program would be Modulated Temperature Dif-ferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).NOTE 9Other modulated techniques are possible, such as modulatedforce TMA.NOTE 10 The use of the prefi

29、x MT is preferred to TM.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature ortime at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak , nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum depen-dent p

30、arameter deflection, and a reestablishment of a base-line not necessarily identical to that before the peak.E 1445peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step-hold-

31、return variation of a parameterthat is normally constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled temperature, shear rate or stressprogram.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storage modu-lus, and loss mod

32、ulus of a material are measured as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate orstress program.simultaneous, adjthe application of two or more techniquesto the same sample at the same time. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 11A hyphen i

33、s used to separate the abbreviations of thetechniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan d, nis the dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energyreturned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan d is

34、normally calculated by dividing the loss component of theproperty measured by a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan d= E”/E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA) , na group of techniques in which aphysical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time

35、while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (1999)thermally stimulated current analysis, na technique inwhich the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to a

36、controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC)E473092NOTE 12The technique can be applied in several ways: for example;the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and cooling in anonoscillating electric field to create aligned, frozen dipoles. The sub-stance may then generate a

37、thermally stimulated current during subsequentheating with no field applied.thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.(ICTAC) (1980)thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measured as a function oftemperature while the substance i

38、s subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)(1980)NOTE 13Linear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatometryare distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-sis.thermogravimetric analysis, (TGA), na t

39、echnique in whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 14The record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve. Thisdefinition is similar to the ICTAC definiti

40、on of the term thermogravimetry.thermomagnetometry, na family of thermoanalytical tech-niques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 15

41、Thermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field acting onthe specimen is the most common example.thermomechanical analysis, (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a contr

42、olled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 16The load on the substance may be compressive, tensile,flexural or torsional. When the applied load is too low to causedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy,

43、 nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in which anoptical characteristic of a substance is measured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance issubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 17Measurement of total light, light

44、of specific wavelength(s),refractive index, and luminescence leads, respectively, to thermophotom-etry, thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, and thermoluminescence.Observations under the microscope lead to thermomicroscopy.torsional braid analysis, (TBA), na particular case ofdynamic mechanical

45、analysis in which the material issupported on a braid and the specimen is examined intorsion. (ICTAC) (1999)viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material ismeasured at fixed temperature, shear r

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49、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E473093