ASTM E473-2008 402 Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology.pdf

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1、Designation: E 473 08Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa

2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes

3、 only those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo-as a prefix, such as thermoana

4、-lytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermalas a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagnet

5、ometry.1.3 Definitions that are similar to those published by anotherstandards body are identified with the abbreviation of the nameof the organization: for example, ICTAC is the InternationalConfederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional inf

6、or-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1445 Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential ofChemicals3. Terminologyadiabatic, adj no heat exchange with the bined, adjthe application

7、of two or more techniques todifferent samples at the same time. (ICTAC) (1999)controlled-rate thermal analysis, (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 1Compared

8、to controlled-temperature experiments, where thereaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can becomelimited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely toinvolve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This technique can alsoimprove the resolution of multiple reac

9、tions. For example, in controlledrate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rateof mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample during the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.NOTE 2In contrast to controlled-rate ex

10、periments, power to thefurnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heating orcooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independentva

11、riable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmosphere(or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some external action(depending on the independent variable onlytemperature or time)during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperature program.curve,

12、 thermal, nthe plot of a dependent parameter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.(ICTAC) (1999)dielectric thermal analysis, (DETA or DEA), na techniquein which the dielectric constant (permittivity, or capacitance)and dielectric loss (conductance) of a substance underoscillat

13、ing electric field are measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.different

14、ial, adjpertaining to a difference in measured ormeasurable quantities usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nA technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of tempe

15、raturewhile the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 3The record is the differential scanning calorimetric or DSCcurve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM

16、 Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 473 07b.2For referenced ASTM standards

17、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19

18、428-2959, United States.and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can be distinguished,depending on the method of measurement used.differential thermal analysis (DTA), nA technique in whichthe temperature difference between the substance and areference material is measured as a function of tem

19、perature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 4The term quantitative differential thermal analysis coversthose uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantita-tive results.dilatometry, nsee Thermodilatometry.d

20、ynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of temperature, time, orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is subjected toa controlled-temperatur

21、e program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenature and amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is subjected to a control

22、led-temperature program.(ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 5Some specific forms of EGA have become established forinvestigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation ordesorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen atmosphere is known astemperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGAin an oxygen

23、atmosphereis temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO); and EGA in the absence ofdecomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For each technique the method used forgas identification and quantification should always be clearly stated.evolved gas detection

24、, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflection point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baseline , nth

25、e value of the indepen-dent parameter at which a deflection is first observed fromthe established dependent parameter baseline prior to theevent.high-pressure, (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical techniques in which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 6As

26、 an example, high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis isdesignated HPTGA.isothermal, adjat constant temperaturemodulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbeen applied to the temperature program.NOTE 7As an example, a DSC experiment c

27、arried out with amodulated temperature program would be Modulated Temperature Dif-ferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).NOTE 8Other modulated techniques are possible, such as modulatedforce TMA.NOTE 9 The use of the prefix MT is preferred to TM.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature or

28、time at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak , nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum depen-dent parameter deflection, and a reestablishment of a base-line not necessarily iden

29、tical to that before the peak.E 1445peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step-hold-return variation of a parameterthat is normally constant where the intensity a

30、nd duration arespecified.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled temperature, shear rate or stressprogram.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storage modu-lus, and loss modulus of a material are measured as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate

31、or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate orstress program.simultaneous, adjthe application of two or more techniquesto the same sample at the same time. (ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 10A hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of thetechniques; for example, simultaneo

32、us thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan d, nis the dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energyreturned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan d isnormally calculated by dividing the loss component of theproperty measured by

33、a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan d= E”/E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA) , na group of techniques in which aphysical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program. (ICTAC) (

34、1999)thermally stimulated current analysis, na technique inwhich the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC)NOTE 11The tec

35、hnique can be applied in several ways: for example;the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and cooling in anonoscillating electric field to create aligned, frozen dipoles. The sub-stance may then generate a thermally stimulated current during subsequentheating with no field applied.thermoana

36、lytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.(ICTAC) (1980)thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measured as a function oftemperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)(19

37、80)NOTE 12Linear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatometryare distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.E473082thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-sis.thermogravimetric analysis, (TGA), na technique in whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperatu

38、re or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.(ICTAC) (1999)NOTE 13The record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve. Thisdefinition is similar to the ICTAC definition of the term thermogravimetry.thermomagnetometry, na family of thermoanalyti

39、cal tech-niques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 14Thermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field acting onthe specimen is the

40、most common example.thermomechanical analysis, (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 15The load on

41、the substance may be compressive, tensile,flexural or torsional. When the applied load is too low to causedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in which anoptica

42、l characteristic of a substance is measured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance issubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere. (ICTAC)NOTE 16Measurement of total light, light of specific wavelength(s),refractive index, and luminescence leads, respective

43、ly, to thermophotom-etry, thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, and thermoluminescence.Observations under the microscope lead to thermomicroscopy.torsional braid analysis, (TBA), na particular case ofdynamic mechanical analysis in which the material issupported on a braid and the specimen is exam

44、ined intorsion. (ICTAC) (1999)viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material ismeasured at fixed temperature, shear rate or stress.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of

45、any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to r

46、evision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Yo

47、ur comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is cop

48、yrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E473083