[外语类试卷]考博英语模拟试卷47及答案与解析.doc

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1、考博英语模拟试卷 47及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 In the 18th century many British politicians favored friendship with Prussia because they thought that the Prussian army was _ to the British navy. （ A） complimentary （ B） complicated （ C） complementary （ D） comprehensive 2 The traffic was entirely _ b

2、ecause of a series of traffic accidents on the road. （ A） crippled （ B） overthrown （ C） disabled （ D） insulated 3 The letter page of this newspaper is a _ for public argument. （ A） symposium （ B） commentary （ C） forum （ D） appraisal 4 The chief _ of that young man are his generosity and energy. （ A）

3、 traits （ B） tempers （ C） trends （ D） traces 5 The insurance company paid him $5,000 in _ after his accident. （ A） compensation （ B） installment （ C） substitution （ D） commission 6 It is very strange but I had an _ that the plane would crash. （ A） inspiration （ B） intuition （ C） imagination （ D） inc

4、entive 7 We are going on the _ that the work will he finished tomorrow. （ A） scheme （ B） assumption （ C） orbit （ D） procedure 8 Some medical conditions can often cure themselves _, without medical intervention. （ A） deliberately （ B） spontaneously （ C） consciously （ D） intentionally 9 By _ computati

5、on, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him $2,000. （ A） coarse （ B） rude （ C） crude （ D） rough 10 In order to stimulate the domestic economy, the government has _ to reduce imports. （ A） pledged （ B） resorted （ C） suggested （ D） hesitated 11 How much a person can earn is not alway

6、s a good _ of real success in life. （ A） essence （ B） decree （ C） qualification （ D） criterion 12 George _ some important sentences by underlining them with a red pen. （ A） highlighted （ B） upgraded （ C） capable （ D） eligible 13 What I seek to accomplish is simply to serve with my _ capacity truth a

7、nd justice at the risk of pleasing no one. （ A） formidable （ B） exquisite （ C） exotic （ D） feeble 14 Hard work and malnutrition _ his health and he looked thin and pale. （ A） impaired （ B） promoted （ C） accelerated （ D） wedged 15 She was between two very fat women and felt extremely uneasy, _. （ A）

8、towed （ B） tugged （ C） sandwiched （ D） wedged 16 You need to rewrite this sentence because it is _; the readers will have difficulty in understanding it. （ A） comprehensive （ B） alternative （ C） deliberate （ D） ambiguous 17 We must learn to see things in their right _ and avoid making mistakes. （ A）

9、 prospective （ B） prosperity （ C） perspective （ D） permissive 18 As our eyes ranged over the broad shoulders of the mountain, the eoncepti0n of its _ grew upon us. （ A） multitude （ B） gratitude （ C） latitude （ D） magnitude 19 We can make use of seawater by _ fresh water from it. （ A） purifying （ B）

10、refraining （ C） distilling （ D） performers 20 Only a _ person would believe such an unlikely story about ghosts in the old house. （ A） fabulous （ B） credible （ C） credulous （ D） believable 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living thing

11、s depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The paras

12、itic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the f

13、ace of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms. Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their environment. These substances are capable of killing or inh

14、ibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by diseasecausing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of

15、 plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders. Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “fo

16、reign“ cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically comp

17、atible or closely related individuals. The ability to distinguish between “self“ and “nonself“, while present in all animals, is roost efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders

18、 and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells. 21 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） How parasites reproduce. （ B） How organisms react to invaders. （ C） How antibiotics work to cure disease. （ D） How the immune system of vertebrates developed. 22 The word “intricate“ in line 1

19、is closest in meaning to _. （ A） difficult （ B） widespread （ C） critical （ D） complex 23 According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _. （ A） prevent disease in humans （ B） aid digestion （ C） fight off other organisms （ D） create new types of nutrients 24 According to the

20、 passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _. （ A） becoming a parasite （ B） being treated as an invader （ C） altering its genetic makeup （ D） developing a new immune system 25 According to the passage, the ability to distinguish

21、 between “self“ and “nonself“ enables vertebrates to _. （ A） accept transplanted cells （ B） detect and react to invasion （ C） weaken their immune system （ D） get rid of antibiotics 25 Among the most enduring of all horrors is the prospect of a slow, painful death. Those who witness the protracted te

22、rminal illness of a friend or relative often view the eventual death more as a relief than a tragedy. But to make life-or-death decisions on behalf of a dying person unable to communicate his or her wishes is to enter a moral and legal minefield. Could a doctor be sued for withholding treatment and

23、allowing someone to dieor for not allowing him or her to die? Could it ever be lawful to withhold food and water? Legal moves are afoot which may settle these questions. Recently, a group on voluntary euthanasia proposed legislation to make documents known as “Advance Directives“, or Living Wills, l

24、egally binding. An Advance Directive sets out the kind of medical treatment a person wishes to receive, or not receive, should he or she ever be in a condition that prevents them expressing those wishes. Such documents, much in vogue in the US and some Commonwealth countries, are becoming increasing

25、ly popular in Britain. A clear distinction must be drawn between actions requested by an Advance Directive, and active euthanasia, or “mercy killing“. A doctor who took a positive step such as giving a lethal injection-to help a patient die would, as the law stands, be guilty of murder or aiding and

26、 abetting suicide, depending on the circumstances. An Advance Directive, however, requests only passive euthanasia: the withholding of medical treatment aimed solely at sustaining the life of a patient who is terminally ill or a vegetable. The definition of medical treatment, in such circumstances,

27、can include food and water. The enforceability of the Advance Directive stems from the notion, long accepted in English law, that a person who is both old enough to make an informed decision and compos mentis, is entitled to refuse any medical treatment offered by a doctor, even if that refusal lead

28、s to the persons death. A doctor who forces treatment on a patient against his or her wishes is, therefore, guilty of an assault. Case law exists in the US and several Commonwealth countries that extends this right of autonomy over ones life to patients who write an Advance Directive refusing treatm

29、ent and subsequently lose their previously made instructions any differently. 26 It will be a relief over the death of a friend or a relative if the friend or relative dies from _. （ A） a traffic accident （ B） an acute infectious disease （ C） heart attack （ D） a three-year coma (昏迷 ) 27 What is an A

30、dvance Directive? （ A） A decision made by a doctor on how to end a patients life （ B） A hospital document on how to treat a terminally iii patient. （ C） A wish made by a patient on how he will be medically treated. （ D） A law that prohibits mercy killing. 28 A doctor will be guilty of murder if he _

31、. （ A） advises a patient to draw up his Advance Directive （ B） refuses to carry out an Advance Directive （ C） prescribes a medication that will quicken the death of a terminal patient （ D） stops giving medication to terminally iii patient according to his Advance Directive 29 According to traditiona

32、l English law, _. （ A） a person could refuse medical treatment （ B） a person should not endanger his life by refusing medical treatment （ C） a person should not refuse medical treatment （ D） a doctor could force his patient into accepting his treatment 30 Which of the following best summarizes the a

33、uthors attitude toward the Advance Directive? （ A） It should be made legally binding in Britain. （ B） Its morally questionable. （ C） It is the same as mercy killing, and therefore should not be encouraged. （ D） It runs counter to traditional English law. 30 Most people are right-handed and children

34、usually have the same handedness as their parents. This suggests that genes are at work. But identical twins have identical genes, so genes cannot be the whole story. Cultural attitudes seem to have played an important part in the development of hand preferences. In the past, left-handed have suffer

35、ed anything from teasing to flogging. Even today in some countries en forced right-handedness, particularly for writing and eating, is still common. To explain the observed patterns of handedness, researchers have devised what is known as a geneculture coevolution model. The initial assumption of th

36、e model-drawn from observation of non-human primates and other mammals such as mice-is that early on in human evolution, the genetic make-up of individuals inclined them to prefer one hand or the other, but that the population was equally divided between right and left-handed people. Over time, acco

37、rding to the model, the interaction of genes and culture has produced a state where everyone has identical genes for handedness. This would happen if, for whatever reason, right-handers were more likely to survive and reproduce. The idea may not be that far fetched. Many biologists believe that hand

38、edness is related to brain structure, say, for example, early right-handers may have been better at language. The model predicts that today everyone has genes which confer a basic predisposition of 78% to be right-handed. How children actually turn out, however, can be influenced by whether their pa

39、rents are dextral or sinistral. For example, children may mimic their parents. Or parents may influence the handedness of their children in the way that they hand them toys or food. The researchers reckon that a child with two right-handed parents has a 91% probability of being right-handed; a child

40、 with two left-handed parents has a probability of only 63% of being right-handed. But parental influence does not account for everything. Random events during a childs development can also have a small effect on handedness. Even if identical twins have parents who are both dextral, factors such as

41、their position in the womb may result in the twins not preferring the same hands. The model seems plausible. It accurately predicts the results of 13 studies of the handedness of twins as well as the proportion of left-handers found in the population at large (roughly 12%, a figure that seems to be

42、quite stable). Asymmetries in early tools, and in the way in which prey were clubbed, suggest that hominids as early as the Australopithecines may have preferred their right hands. Whatever the origin of this dexterous preference, though, left-handers remain at large. Some people are just sinister.

43、31 The author points out at the beginning that _. （ A） handedness is solely determined by genes （ B） handedness is solely determined by culture （ C） handedness is determined by both genes and culture （ D） handedness may be determined by factors other than genes and culture 32 It can be inferred that

44、 non-human primates _. （ A） are mostly left-handed （ B） are mostly right-handed （ C） are equally divided between right-handers and left-handers （ D） are good at using both hands 33 According to tile “gene-culture coevolution“ model, which of the following would be true at the end of the day? （ A） Al

45、l people will be right-handed. （ B） All people will be left-handed. （ C） There are as many right-handers as left-handers. （ D） People will use both hands equally well. 34 According to the passage, all of the following may affect a persons handedness except _. （ A） personality （ B） genes （ C） culture

46、 （ D） random events 35 The passage provides information for answering all of the following questions except _. （ A） Do identical twins have the same handedness? （ B） Is language conducive to survival? （ C） Is the “gene-culture coevolution“ model reliable? （ D） Why are some people left-handed? 35 Pro

47、nouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundament

48、al reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a forei

49、gn language is a skill one that needs careful training of special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branching of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught, the t