ASTM C29 C29M-2017a Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (&x201c Unit Weight&x201d ) and Voids in Aggregate《集料松密度(单位重量)和孔隙度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: C29/C29M 17C29/C29M 17a American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T19/T19MStandard Test Method forBulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C29/C29M; the number immediately followin

2、g the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved

3、for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition,and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. Thi

4、s test method isapplicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm 5 in. in nominal maximum size.NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume (morecorrectly, mass per unit volume or density).1.2 The values s

5、tated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for aspecification with which this test method is used.An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in whichthe SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E1

6、1. Within the text, inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not p

7、urport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed

8、 in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.

9、1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine AggregateC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and

10、 Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeC1077 Practice forAgencies Testing Concrete and ConcreteAggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for TestingAgencyEvaluationD75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregate

11、sD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate31 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the d

12、irect responsibility of Subcommittee C09.20 onNormal Weight Aggregates.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017April 1, 2017. Published February 2017June 2017. Originally approved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 20162017 asC29/C29M 16.C29/C29M 17. DOI: 10.1520/C0029_C0029M-17.10.1520/C0029_C

13、0029M-17a.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State High

14、way and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Bec

15、auseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appe

16、ars at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 vo

17、ids, nin unit volume of aggregate, the space between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineralmatter.3.2.1.1 DiscussionVoids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by thistest method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is

18、 often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selectingproportions for concrete mixtures.4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements.However, the relationship between degree of co

19、mpaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this testmethod is unknown. Further, aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latteraffecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.4.

20、3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk densitydetermined by this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to within 0.05 kg 0.1 lb or to within 0.1% of the test load, whichever is greater, atany point wi

21、thin the range of use. The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measure empty to the massof the measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m3 120 lb/ft3.5.2 Tamping RodA round, plain steel rod with a diameter of 16 6 2 mm 58 6 116 in. The length of the tamping rod shallbe at lea

22、st 100 mm 4 in. greater than the depth of the measure or mold in which rodding is being performed, but not greater than750 mm 30 in. in overall length (see Note 2). The rod shall have the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispherical tipof the same diameter as the rod. The rod shall be strai

23、ght over its length to a tolerance of 0.5 % of its length.5.3 MeasureA cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal that complies with the requirements of this section,preferably provided with handles. The measure shall be watertight and sufficiently rigid to retain its form under rou

24、gh usage. Themeasure shall have a height at least 80 % and not more than 150 % of the diameter. The capacity of the measure shall conformto the limits in Table 1 for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in the measure shall be as described in Table2. The top rim shall be smooth an

25、d plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5 (see Note 2).The interior wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.NOTE 2The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3-mm 0.01-in. feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm 14-in

26、. or thickerplate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottom are satisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate glass in contact with the top and bottomdoes not exceed 0.87 % in any direction.5.3.1 Measures larger than nominal 28 L 1 ft3 capacity shall be made of steel.5.4 Shovel

27、or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the measure with aggregate.5.5 Equipment for Measuring Volume of Measure:5.5.1 Plate GlassA piece of plate glass, at least 6 mm 14 in. thick and at least 25 mm 1 in. larger than the diameter of themeasure to be calibrated.5.5.2 GreaseA supply

28、of water-pump, chassis, or similar grease.TABLE 1 Capacity of MeasuresNominal MaximumSize of Aggregate Capacity of MeasureAmm in. m3 L ft312.5 12 0.00282.8 11025.0 1 0.0093 9.3 1337.5 112 0.014 14 1275 3 0.028 28 1100 4 0.070 70 212125 5 0.100 100 312A The indicated size of measure shall be used to

29、test aggregates of a nominalmaximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.C29/C29M 17a25.5.3 ThermometerA thermometer having a range of at least 10 to 32 C 50 to 90 F and that is readable to at least 0.5 C1 F.5.

30、5.4 BalanceA balance as described in 5.1.6. Sampling6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75/D75M, and reduce to test sample size in accordance with PracticeC702/C702M.7. Test Sample7.1 The size of the test sample shall be approximatelybetween 125 toand 200 % of the quantity required to

31、 fill the measure, andshall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an ovenat 110 6 5 C 230 6 9 F.7.2 Dry the aggregate sample to constant mass in an oven at 110 6 5 C 230 6 10 F. The sample is considered to be atconstant mass

32、 when the difference in mass between two consecutive weighings taken one hour apart is less than 0.1% of the lastweighing.NOTE 3Alternative means of drying are sometimes chosen for quick determinations where rapid results are desired or if an oven is not available.Alternative drying methods should n

33、ot cause fracturing of particles or chemical breakdown of the aggregate. Use of alternative drying methods does notconform with this test method.8. Determination of Volume of Measure8.1 Determine the volume of the measuresmeasure upon initial use and subsequently at a frequency not to exceed 12twelv

34、emonths, or whenever there is reason to question the accuracy of the volumetric capacity of the measure. If required, retain a recordof volume determination in accordance with Practice C1077.8.2 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.3 Place a thin layer of gr

35、ease on the rim of the measure to prevent leakage of water from the measure.8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room temperature and cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminate bubblesand excess water. Remove any water that may have overflowed onto the measure or plate glass.8.5

36、Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, and measure to the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.6 Measure the temperature of the water to the nearest0.5 C 1 F and determine its density from Table 3, Table 3, interpolating if necessary.TABLE 2 Requirements for MeasuresUnits Capacity ofMeasureThickness ofMe

37、tal, minBottomUpper 38 mmor 112 in.of wallARemainderof wallSILess than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mmover 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mmover 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mmInch-poundLess than 0.4 ft3 0.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.0.4 ft3 to 1.5 ft3, incl 0

38、.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in.over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.20 in.A The added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained by placinga reinforcing band around the top of the measure.TABLE 3 Density of WaterTemperature kg/m3

39、 lb/ft3C F15.6 60 999.01 62.36618.3 65 998.54 62.33621.1 70 997.97 62.30123.0 73.4 997.54 62.27423.9 75 997.32 62.26126.7 80 996.59 62.21629.4 85 995.83 62.166C29/C29M 17a38.7 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure. Alternatively, calculate the factor, F, for the measure.NOTE 4For the calculation o

40、f bulk density, the volume of the measure in SI units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as 1/m3. However,for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed in litres.9. Selection of Procedure9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be used only when specificall

41、y stipulated. Otherwise, the compact bulkdensity shall be determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm112 in. or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112 in. andnot exceeding 125 mm 5 in.9.

42、Rodding Procedure9.1 Determine and record the mass of the empty measure to the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.9.2 Fill the To determine the compacted bulk density of aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm 112measureone-third in. or less, consolidate the sample in the measure using full Method A

43、Rodding; use Method BJigging for aggregateshaving a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above

44、.Finally, in. and not exceeding 125 mm 5 in. To determine the loose bulk density of the aggregate, when stipulated, fill themeasure toby overflowing and Method CShoveling.rod again in the manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of theaggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way

45、that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregateapproximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure.9.2.1 Method ARodding:9.2.1.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes

46、of thetamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above. Finally, fill themeasure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers ora straightedge in such a way that

47、any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the largervoids in the surface below the top of the measure.9.2.1.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second andthird layers, use vigo

48、rous effort, but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.NOTE 5In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not be possible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angularaggregates. The intent of the procedure will b

49、e accomplished if vigorous effort is used.9.2.2 Method BJigging:9.2.2.1 Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers as described in 9.2.1.1, compacting each layer by placing themeasure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor, raising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm 2 in., and allowingthe measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this procedure, will arrangethemselves in a