ANSI ASTM D6615 REV A-2015 Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel.pdf

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1、Designation: D6615 15a An American National StandardStandard Specification forJet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases of aviation tu

3、rbinefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviationturbine fuel for civil use. This fuel has advantages for opera-tions in very low temperature environments compared withother fuels described in Specification D1655. This fuel isintended for use in aircraft that are

4、certified to use such fuel.1.3 This specification does not define the quality assurancetesting and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in thedistribution system continues to comply with this specificationafter batch certification. Such procedures are definedelsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977,

5、EI/JIG Standard 1530,JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Va

6、por Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Pet

7、roleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1660 Method of Test

8、for Thermal Stability of AviationTurbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1992)3D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fue

9、lsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potent

10、iometric Method)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics o

11、fAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water

12、 and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test

13、 Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation Fuels1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved Sept

14、. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6615 15. DOI:10.1520/D6615-15A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume

15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co

16、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Spe

17、cies in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of P

18、etroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Met

19、hod for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index DetectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digit

20、s in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 IP Standard:4EI/JIG 1530 Quality Assurance Requirements for theManufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuelsto Airports2.3 API Standards:5API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Test-ing of Aviation Fuel During Shipmen

21、t from Refinery toAirportAPI 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance,and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Termi-nals52.4 Joint Inspection Group Standards:6JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control avtag; Jet B; jet fuel; turbine fuel;wide-cutAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PER

22、FORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVIATION TURBINE FUELSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 This appendix describes the performance character-istics of aviation turbine fuels. A more detailed discussion ofthe individual test methods and their significance is found inASTM Manual No. 1.12Additional information on aviat

23、ionturbine fuel and its properties is found in ASTMs MNL 37,Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties,Performance, and Testing13and the Handbook of Aviation FuelProperties.14X1.2 Significance and UseX1.2.1 Specification D6615 defines one type of jet fuel forcivil use. Limiting values for

24、 the two types of fuel covered areplaced on fuel properties believed to be related to the perfor-mance of the aircraft and engines in which they are mostcommonly used.X1.2.2 The safe and economical operation of aircraft re-quires fuel that is essentially clean and dry and free of anycontamination pr

25、ior to use. It is possible to measure a numberof jet fuel characteristics related to quality.X1.2.3 The significance of standard tests for fuel propertiesmay be summarized for convenience in terms of the technicalrelationships with performance characteristics as shown inTable X1.1.X1.2.4 The accepta

26、bility of additives for use must ulti-mately be determined by the engine and aircraft type certificateholder and must be approved by his certifying authority. In theUnited States ofAmerica, the certifying authority is the FederalAviation Administration.X1.3 Thermal StabilityX1.3.1 Stability to oxida

27、tion and polymerization at theoperating temperatures encountered in certain jet aircraft is animportant performance requirement. The thermal stability mea-surements are related to the amount of deposits formed in theengine fuel system on heating the fuel in a jet aircraft.Commercial jet fuels should

28、 be thermally stable at fueltemperature as high as 163 C (325 F). Such fuels have beendemonstrated to have inherent storage stability.X1.3.2 In 1973, Test Method D3241 replaced Method ofTest D1660, known as the ASTM Coker for the determinationof oxidative thermal stability. (See CRC Report 450, date

29、d1969 and revised in 1972. See also Bert and Painters SAEpaper 730385.15) Today, a single pass/fail run with the tubetemperature controlled at 260 C is used to ensure compliance12ASTM MNL 1, Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products,ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 1993.13MNL 37, Fu

30、els and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties,Performance, and Testing, Eds., Totten, G. E., Westbrook, S. R., and Shah, R. J.,ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, PA, 2003.14Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties, Fourth Edition (2014), CRC Report663, Coordinating Research Council, Alpharetta,

31、GA, 30022.15Bert, J. A., and Painter, L., “A New Fuel Thermal Stability Test (A Summaryof Coordinating Research Council Activity),” SAE Paper 730385, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1973.D6615 15a5with the specifications minimum requirements. For a morecomplete characterization of a

32、fuels thermal stability, a break-point can be obtained. The breakpoint is the highest tubetemperature at which the fuel still passes the specificationrequirements of the tube deposit color and pressure differential.Normally, obtaining a breakpoint requires two or more runs atdiffering tube temperatu

33、res. Breakpoints are therefore not usedfor quality control, but they serve mostly for research purposes.X1.4 CombustionX1.4.1 Jet fuels are continuously burned in a combustionchamber by injection of liquid fuel into the rapidly flowingstream of hot air. The fuel is vaporized and burned at nearstoich

34、iometric conditions in a primary zone. The hot gases soproduced are continuously diluted with excess air to lower theirtemperature to a safe operating level for the turbine. Fuelcombustion characteristics relating to soot formation are em-phasized by current specification test methods. Other fuelcom

35、bustion characteristics not covered in current specificationsare burning efficiency and flame-out.X1.4.2 In general, paraffin hydrocarbons offer the mostdesirable combustion cleanliness characteristics for jet fuels.Naphthenes are the next most desirable hydrocarbons for thisuse. Although olefins ge

36、nerally have good combustioncharacteristics, their poor gum stability usually limits their usein aircraft turbine fuels to about 1 % or less. Aromaticsgenerally have the least desirable combustion characteristicsfor aircraft turbine fuel. In aircraft turbines, they tend to burnwith a smoky flame and

37、 release a greater proportion of theirchemical energy as undesirable thermal radiation than the otherhydrocarbons. Naphthalenes or bicyclic aromatics producemore soot, smoke, and thermal radiation than monocyclicaromatics and are, therefore, the least desirable hydrocarbonclass for aircraft jet fuel

38、 use. All of the following measure-ments are influenced by the hydrocarbon composition of thefuel and, therefore, pertain to combustion quality: luminometernumber, smoke point, percent naphthalenes, and percent aro-matics.16X1.4.2.1 Smoke PointThis method provides an indicationof the relative smoke-

39、producing properties of jet fuels and isrelated to the hydrocarbon-type composition of such fuels.Generally, the more highly aromatic the jet fuel, the moresmoky the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of lowsmoke-producing tendency.X1.4.2.2 AromaticsThe combustion of highly aromatic jetfuels

40、 generally results in smoke and carbon or soot deposition,and it is therefore desirable to limit the total aromatic contentas well as the naphthalenes in jet fuels.X1.4.2.3 Percent NaphthalenesThis method covers mea-surement of the total concentration of naphthalene,acenaphthene, and alkylated deriv

41、atives of these hydrocarbonsin jet fuels containing no more than 5 % of such compoundsand having boiling points below 600 F (316 C).X1.5 Fuel Metering and Aircraft RangeX1.5.1 DensityDensity is a property of a fluid and is ofsignificance in metering flow and in mass-volume relationshipsfor most comm

42、ercial transactions. It is particularly useful inempirical assessments of heating value when used with otherparameters, such as aniline point or distillation. A low densitymay indicate low heating value per unit volume.X1.5.2 Net Heat of CombustionThe design of aircraft andengines is based on the co

43、nvertibility of heat into mechanicalenergy. The net heat of combustion provides a knowledge ofthe amount of energy obtainable from a given fuel for the16Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1258. A task force studi

44、ed thepossible use of hydrogen content as an alternative to aromatics content andcompleted the report in 1989.TABLE X1.1 Performance Characteristics of Aviation Turbine FuelsPerformance Characteristics Test Method SectionsEngine fuel system deposits and coke Thermal stability X1.3Combustion properti

45、es Smoke point X1.4.2.1Aromatics X1.4.2.2Percent naphthalenes X1.4.2.3Fuel metering and aircraft range Density X1.5.1Net heat of combustion X1.5.2Fuel atomization Distillation X1.6.1Vapor pressure X1.6.2Fluidity at low temperature Freezing point X1.7.1Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in t

46、he fuel Mercaptan sulfur X1.8.1system and turbine Sulfur X1.8.2Copper strip corrosion X1.8.3Fuel storage stability Existent gum X1.9.1Fuel cleanliness, handling Water reaction X1.10.1Water separation characteristics X1.10.2Free water and particulate contamination X1.10.3Particulate matterMembrane co

47、lor ratingsUndissolved waterX1.10.4X1.10.5X1.10.6Static electricity Conductivity X1.10.7Fuel lubricating ability (lubricity) Fuel lubricity X1.11Miscellaneous AdditivesSample containersLeak detection additiveColorX1.12.1X1.12.2X1.12.3X1.12.4D6615 15a6performance of useful work; in this instance, pow

48、er. Aircraftdesign and operation are dependent upon the availability of acertain predetermined minimum amount of energy as heat.Consequently, a reduction in heat energy below this minimumis accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption withcorresponding loss of range. Therefore, a minimum net heat

49、ofcombustion requirement is incorporated in this specification.The determination of net heat of combustion is time consumingand difficult to conduct accurately. This led to the developmentand use of the aniline point and density relationship to estimatethe heat of combustion of the fuel. This relationship is usedalong with the sulfur content of the fuel to obtain the net heatof combustion by Test Method D4529 for the purposes of thisspecification. An alternative calculation, Test Method D3338,is based on correlations of aromatics content, gravity, volatility,and sulf