API TR 10TR5-2008 Methods for Testing of Solid and Rigid Centralizers (First Edition)《固体和硬质定中心装置的测试方法.第1版》.pdf

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1、Methods for Testing of Solid and Rigid CentralizersAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR5FIRST EDITION, MAY 2008Methods for Testing of Solid andRigid CentralizersUpstream DepartmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR5FIRST EDITION, MAY 2008Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. Wi

2、th respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, com

3、pleteness, or usefulness ofthe information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent

4、that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warra

5、nty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitat

6、e the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not inten

7、ded in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or

8、 guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from

9、 the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2008 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or

10、use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220

11、L Street, NW,Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Description of Rigid and Solid Centralizers . . . . . . . .

12、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Rigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Semi-rigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . .

13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Solid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Solid an

14、d Rigid Centralizer Testing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Measurement of Friction Factor Using Pin-on-Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Test Apparatus and Descript

15、ion of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 Example T

16、est Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Calculating the Friction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . 45 Measurement of Wear Using the Pin-on-Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 Test Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . 55.2 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Impact Test Consisting of Dynamic Loading Applicable to Hinged-type Rigid Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 Test Apparatu

19、s and Description of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Significant Test Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 Re

20、commended Test Parameters for Different Size Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Static Axial Loading Simulating Running the Centralizer Through Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.1 Test Apparatus and Description of the Tests . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.2 Testing the Centralizer Through the Recommended Hole Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 Total Circumferential Loading Test (Rigid Centralizer Only) . . . . . . .

22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.4 Partial Circumferential Loading Test (Rigid Centralizer Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.5 Reporting of Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Test to Simulate Side Loading of the Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.1 Test Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.2 Test Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Test to Simulate Static Loading of Centralizer and Stop Col

25、lar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.1 Test Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 Test Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 Pull-apart Test for Centralizers with End Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Figures1 Example of Rigid Centralizer . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Example of Semi-rigid Centralizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Pin-on-Disk Test Device

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Typical Test Apparatus Used to Apply a Dynamic Load to the End Rings of a HingedRigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Installation of Centralizer in the Test Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Weight Being Raised a Preset Distance Before Being Dropped . . . . .

30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Forced into a Smooth Bore Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Forced into a Bore witha Full Circumferential Restriction . . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Components That Make Up the Partial Bore Test Fixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13vPage10 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Force

32、d into a Bore with a 90 Partial Restriction . . 1411 Side Loading Testing of Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512 Centralizer on a Test Mandrel with a Limit Clamp or Stop Collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Tables1 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Recommended Test Parameters for Different Size Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Methods for Testing of Solid and Rigid Centralizers 1 Introduction Solid and rigid centralizers have been used b

35、y the petroleum industry for many years to assist with running casing to the bottom of the wellbore and with improving mud displacement. The purpose of this document is to provide the industry with methods for testing rigid and solid centralizers. The API and ISO standardization committees have prod

36、uced specifications, testing, and recommended practices for the use of bow-type centralizers, but to date, the petroleum industry does not have standards for the selection and use of solid or rigid centralizers, even though those devices are widely used. Additionally, the industry does not have stan

37、dardized testing methods to verify functionality and reliability of centralizers. This is a problem for the operator in making an intelligent selection for centralizers to use in the well. Some testing procedures are available, but because they are not standardized, they tend to hinder communication

38、 between manufacturers and end users. 2 Description of Rigid and Solid Centralizers 2.1 Rigid Centralizer This centralizer is composed of rigid, non-flexible bands or bars fixed to two end collars. These devices have a smaller outside diameter (OD) than the casing or hole through which the centraliz

39、ers are run and, therefore, generate zero starting forces. Because these devices do not have a solid body, they are capable of experiencing deformation when run through restrictions. Figure 1Example of Rigid Centralizer 2.2 Semi-rigid Centralizer This centralizer is a subclass of the rigid centraliz

40、er category. This device is composed of flexible spring bows attached to two end collars, but the springs are manufactured such that they form two equal-length bows between the end rings. These double-bow springs flex under load, but under large loads become essentially rigid. 1 2 API TECHNICAL REPO

41、RT 10TR5 Figure 2Example of Semi-rigid Centralizer 2.3 Solid Centralizer This centralizer is manufactured with rigid, non-flexible blades or bands. The centralizers have solid bodies and solid blades. The blades are either formed during molding of the centralizer or welded on the solid body. These d

42、evices have a smaller OD than the casing or hole where the centralizers will be used, and, therefore, generate zero starting forces. Because these devices have a solid body, they do not experience deformation when run through restrictions; they do not flex. 3 Solid and Rigid Centralizer Testing Meth

43、ods The following measurement and test procedures are included in this document: 1. measurement of friction factor using the pin-on-disk method (Section 4); 2. measurement of wear using the pin-on-disk method (Section 5); 3. impact test consisting of dynamic loading applicable to hinge-type rigid ce

44、ntralizers (Section 6); 4. static axial loading to simulate running through restrictions (Section 7); 5. test to simulate side loading of the centralizer (Section 8); 6. test to simulate static loading of the centralizer and stop collar (Section 9); 7. pull-apart test for rigid centralizers with end

45、 rings (Section 10). The user is encouraged to select the applicable measurements and tests for solid or rigid centralizers appropriate for specific well conditions. 4 Measurement of Friction Factor Using the Pin-on-Disk Method 4.1 Test Apparatus and Description of the Test The friction factor of ce

46、ntralizer construction materials can be measured in the presence of different mud systems using the “pin-on-disk” device and method (see Figure 3). For the results to be relevant, materials being tested should match the composition of the construction materials used to manufacture the centralizers.

47、The device is composed of a stationary base element (pin) on which the test specimen is mounted and a rotating disk. The specimen to be tested and the disk are pressed together using a calculated force corresponding to the anticipated force on the centralizer. The sliding velocity and the pressing f

48、orce can be adjusted and controlled over wide ranges. The area of the disk contacted by the specimen is continuously sprayed with the mud being used during the test. When measuring friction factors using different mud systems or different centralizer materials, the geometry and test METHODS FOR TEST

49、ING OF SOLID AND RIGID CENTRALIZERS 3 conditions for all tests must be identical. During the tests, the amount of fluid flow must be regulated to ensure the surfaces of the disk and the specimen are always covered with the fluid. Table 1, Section 4.3 lists examples of parameters used to conduct a test and is not a specific recommendation. In addition to the composition of the materials used in the test, other important parameters to consider include: velocity, pressure, temperature and rotating time. Friction factor results from this test are not usable in the field. Many other param