ACI 351.2R-2010 Report on Foundations for Static Equipment《静态设备基础报告》.pdf

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1、ACI 351.2R-10Reported by ACI Committee 351Report on Foundationsfor Static EquipmentReport on Foundations for Static EquipmentFirst PrintingApril 2010ISBN 978-0-87031-372-1American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All ri

2、ghts reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambigui

3、ties,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arer

4、equested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of i

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7、l,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI

8、 does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,including but not limited to, United St

9、ates Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered

10、 together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 351.2R-10 supersedes ACI 351.2R-94 and was adopted and published April2010.Copyright 2010,

11、 American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any

12、 knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in351.2R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, andCommentaries are intended for guidance in planning,designing, executing, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the

13、significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage aris

14、ing therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation byReport on Foundations for Static EquipmentRepo

15、rted by ACI Committee 351ACI 351.2R-10This document addresses static equipment foundation engineering andconstruction. It presents various design criteria, methods and proceduresof analysis, design, and construction applied to static equipment foundationsby industry practitioners. This document shou

16、ld, hopefully, encouragediscussion and comparison of ideas.Keywords: anchorage (structural); bolts, anchor; equipment; forms; form-work (construction); foundation loading; foundations; grout; grouting;pedestals; pile loads; reinforcement; soil pressure; subsurface preparation;tolerances (mechanics).

17、CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 351.2R-21.1Background1.2Purpose1.3ScopeChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 351.2R-22.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Foundation types, p. 351.2R-33.1General considerations3.2Typical foundationsChapter 4Design criteria, p. 351.2R-54.1Foundation loading4.2

18、Design strength/stresses4.3Stiffness/deflections4.4StabilityOmesh B. Abhat Fred R. Goodwin Richard OMalley Philip A. SmithRichard P. Bohan Shraddhakar Harsh Ira W. Pearce*W. Tod SuttonWilliam L. Bounds*Erick N. Larson*Charlie L. Rowan Patricia B. Warren*William D. Brant*Robert R. McGlohn*William E.

19、Rushing Jr.*F. Alan Wiley*Michael M. Chehab*Jack Moll Yasser Salem Sheng-Chi WuShu-Jin Fang*Members of Subcommittee 351.2 who prepared this report.Chair of Subcommittee 351.2.Committee 351 would like to acknowledge the contribution of Widianto, ACI 351 Associate Member.David Kerins*ChairMukti L. Das

20、Secretary351.2R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 5Design methods, p. 351.2R-155.1Available methods5.2Anchor bolts and shear devices5.3Bearing stress5.4Pedestals5.5Soil pressure5.6Pile loads5.7Foundation design proceduresChapter 6Construction considerations,p. 351.2R-216.1Subsurface preparation and impr

21、ovement6.2Foundation placement tolerances6.3Forms and shores6.4Sequence of construction and construction joints6.5Equipment installation and setting6.6Grouting6.7Concrete materials6.8Quality controlChapter 7References, p. 351.2R-247.1Referenced standards and reports7.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTROD

22、UCTION AND SCOPE1.1BackgroundFoundations for static equipment are used in industrialprocessing and manufacturing facilities throughout theworld. Engineers with varying backgrounds are engaged inthe analysis, design, and construction of these foundations.They often perform their work with little guid

23、ance frombuilding codes, national standards, owners specifications,or other published information. Because of this lack ofconsensus standards, most engineers rely on engineeringjudgment and experience. Some engineering firms andindividuals, however, have developed their own standardsand specificatio

24、ns as a result of research and development activ-ities, field studies, or many years of engineering or constructionexperience. Only by sharing and discussing this information cana meaningful consensus on engineering and constructionrequirements for static equipment foundations be developed.As used i

25、n this document, “state of the art” refers to stateof the practice, and encompasses various engineering andconstruction methodologies.1.2PurposeThis document presents various design criteria andmethods and procedures of analysis, design, and constructioncurrently being applied to static equipment fo

26、undations byindustry practitioners. The purpose of this report is to presentthese various methods and elicit critical discussion from theindustry. This report is not intended to be a recommendedpractice; rather, it is a document that encourages discussionand comparison of ideas.1.3ScopeThis report i

27、s limited in scope to the engineering andconstruction of static equipment foundations. Static equipment,as used herein, refers to industrial equipment that does notcontain significant moving parts, or that has operationalcharacteristics essentially static in nature. Outlined anddiscussed herein are

28、the various aspects of the analysis,design, and construction of foundations for equipment, suchas vertical vessels, stacks, horizontal vessels, heatexchangers, spherical vessels, machine tools, and electricalequipment such as transformers.This report does not include foundations for:Equipment, such

29、as turbine generators, pumps, blowers,compressors, and presses, which have operationalcharacteristics that are essentially dynamic in nature.ACI 351.3R covers concrete foundations for dynamicequipment;Vessels and tanks whose contents structurally beardirectly on soil (for example, clarifiers and lar

30、ge-diameterstorage tanks);Buildings, concrete silos, chimneys, and structures thatcontain static equipment; orEquipment sensitive to external vibration. Thesefoundations are generally isolated from the neighboringdynamic equipment foundations to minimize transmissionof vibration from other equipment

31、. These foundationsrarely require their own separate foundations and areusually located and supported in buildings. ACI 351.3Rprovides some guidance, although its scope is forequipment that generates dynamic forces.The geotechnical engineering aspects of the analysis anddesign of static equipment fo

32、undations discussed herein arelimited to general considerations. This report is essentiallyconcerned with the structural analysis, design, and constructionof static equipment foundations.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationA = base area of footing, ft2(m2)Ase= effective cross-sectional area

33、of anchor, in.2(mm2)B = width of footing, ft (m)D = edge-to-edge distance of footing in direction ofoverturning moment, ft (m)dbc= diameter of bolt circle, ft (mm)do= nominal bolt diameter, in. (mm)e = M/P, ft (m) (Section 4.4)ev= M/W, ft (m) (Section 5.5.1)F = maximum bolt force for anchors in circ

34、ularpattern, kip (kN)fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi(MPa)fy= specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi (MPa)hef= effective embedment depth of anchor, in. (mm)kc= coefficient for basic concrete breakout strength intensionL = length of footing, ft (m)M = overturning moment ap

35、plied to footing or pier,ftkip (kNm) (Section 4.4)Mp= resisting moment provided by passive lateral soilpressure, ftkip (kNm)Mv= moment about the centroidal axes of the foundation,ft-lb (N-m) (Section 5.5.1)FOUNDATIONS FOR STATIC EQUIPMENT 351.2R-3Mx, My= moments about x and y centroidal axes, respec

36、tively,ftlb (Nm)Mxy= twisting moment, ftkip (kNm)N = number of boltsNb= basic concrete breakout strength in tension ofsingle anchor in cracked concrete, lb (N)nt= reciprocal of the thread pitch, threads per in. (mm)P = vertical load due to weight of concrete andequipment, kip (kN)Q = maximum soil pr

37、essure at edge of footing, lb/ft2(Pa)SR1= stability ratio for drilled piers with larger length-diameter ratiosSR2= stability ratio for drilled piers with smaller length-diameter ratiosSx, Sy= section moduli of base about x and y centroidalaxes, respectively, ft3(m3)W = resultant vertical load, lb (N

38、) (Section 5.5.1)W = weight of equipment, lb (N) (Section 5.2.2)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided hereincomplement that resource.base ringa horizontal plate, genera

39、lly fabricated in theshape of a ring, which is attached to the bottom of a verticalvessel, stack, or skirt and bears on the concrete foundation.belled piersa drilled pier shaft with an expandedexcavation at the bottom.bundle loadforce required to pull tube bundles out of avessel.canister-type anchor

40、 boltanchorage assembly thatincludes a sleeve, a threaded rod, and means of removing therod and adjusting rod location, projection, and tension.davita device (small crane) used to lift, lower, support,and swing the access covers and other items away fromopenings of vessels and tanks.heat exchangereq

41、uipment used to raise or lower thetemperature of a fluid by piping fluid through tubes exposedto blowing air (radiator type) or by piping fluid through tubesin a bath of fluid that is maintained at a different temperature(shell-and-tube type).hydrotestfilling of tanks or vessels with water to checkf

42、or leaks and structural integrity.operating loadsloads applied to the equipment orstructure due to nature of operation, liquid loads, internalloads, or pressure.padslab-type foundation support for equipment.saddlea horizontal vessel support with a curved top thatmatches the profile of the vessel and

43、 a flat bottom supportedby the foundation.shaftvertical portion of concrete drilled pier.shell-and-tube heat exchangersee heat exchanger.skirta vertical vessel support consisting of a verticalplate rolled to match the perimeter of the vessel and locatedbetween the vessel and base ring.sleevea device

44、 used around an anchor to accommodateadjustment and tensioning of the anchor after the concretehas hardened.slide platea support that allows movement of theequipment relative to the foundation in one or two directions.stacka cylindrical vertical vent.tube bundlepiping in a shell-and-tube heat exchan

45、gerthat contains the fluid to be heated or cooled.vessel, horizontala cylindrical vessel with a horizontalprimary axis typically supported on one fixed support andone sliding support.vessel, verticala cylindrical vessel with a verticalprimary axis typically supported on a single support at thebase o

46、f the vessel. Multiple supports are also used.CHAPTER 3FOUNDATION TYPES3.1General considerationsThe design of foundations for equipment may depend onthe following factors:1. Equipment base configuration such as legs, saddles,solid base, grillage, or multiple support locations;2. Anticipated loads, s

47、uch as the equipment static weight,and loads developed during construction, operation, andmaintenance;3. Operational and process requirements, such as accessi-bility, settlement constraints, temperature effects, and drainage;4. Construction and maintenance requirements, such aslimitations or constra

48、ints imposed by construction ormaintenance equipment, procedures, or techniques;5. Site conditions, such as soil characteristics, topography,seismicity, climate, and other environmental effects;6. Economic factors, such as capital cost, useful or anticipatedlife, and replacement or repair costs;7. R

49、egulatory or building code provisions, such as tied pilecaps in seismic design categories;8. Construction considerations; and9. Environmental requirements, such as secondarycontainment or special concrete coating requirements.3.2Typical foundations3.2.1 Vertical vessel and stack foundationsFor tall verticalvessels and stacks, the plan dimensions of the foundationrequired to resist gravity loads and lateral wind or seismicforces is usually much larger than the support base of thevessel. Accordingly, the vessel i