Chapter 12Psychological Disorders.ppt
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1、Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders,What is Normal?,Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders Subjective Discomfort: Feelings of discomfort, unhappiness, or emotional distress Statistical Abnormality: Having extreme scores on some dimension, such as intelligence
2、, anxiety, or depression Social Nonconformity: Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior,Figure 12.1,FIGURE 12.1 The number of people displaying a personal characteristic may help define what is statistically abnormal.,What Is Normal?
3、 (contd),Situational Context: Social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which behavior takes place Is it normal to walk around strangers naked? If you are in a locker room and in the shower area, yes! Cultural Relativity: Judgments are made relative to the values of ones cult
4、ure,Clarifying and Defining Abnormal Behavior (Mental Illness),Maladaptive Behavior: Behavior that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands Mental Disorder: Significant impairment in psychological functioning,Clarifying and Defining Abnormal Behavior
5、(Mental Illness),Psychotic Disorder: Severe psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and a move away from reality Organic Mental Disorder: Mental or emotional problem caused by brain pathology (i.e., brain injuries or diseases) Mood Disorder: Disturbance
6、s in affect (emotions), like depression or mania Anxiety Disorder: Feelings of fear, apprehension, anxiety, and distorted behavior,Clarifying and Defining Abnormal Behavior (Mental Illness),Somatoform Disorder: Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (blindness, anesthesia) for which there is
7、 no identifiable physical cause Dissociative Disorder: Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization (like being in a dream world, feeling like a robot, feeling like you are outside of your body) Personality Disorder: Deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns Sexu
8、al and Gender Identity Disorder: Problems with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment,Clarifying and Defining Abnormal Behavior (Mental Illness),Substance Related Disorders: Abuse or dependence on a mind or mood-altering drug, like alcohol or cocaine Person cannot stop using
9、the substance and may suffer withdrawal symptoms if they do Neurosis: Archaic; once used to refer to excessive anxiety, somatoform, dissociative disorders, and some kinds of depression,DSM,DSMDiagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Published by American Psychiatric Association used by cl
10、inicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders,General Risk Factors for Contracting Mental Illness,Biological Factors: Genetic defects or inherited vulnerabilities; poor prenatal care, head injuries, exposure to toxins, chronic physical illness, or disability Psychological Factor
11、s: Low intelligence, learning disorders _ Social Conditions: Poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, stressful living conditions Family Factors: Parents who are immature, mentally ill, abusive, or criminal; poor child discipline; severe marital or relationship problems Other sources of psychological st
12、ress,Figure 12.11,FIGURE 12.11 A combination of vulnerability and stress may produce psychological problems. The top bar shows low vulnerability and low stress. The result? No problem. The same is true of the next bar down, where low vulnerability is combined with moderate stress. Even high vulnerab
13、ility (third bar) may not lead to problems if stress levels remain low. However, when high vulnerability combines with moderate or high stress (bottom two bars) the person “crosses the line” and suffers from psychopathology.,Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD),Definition: A
14、 person who lacks a conscience (superego?); typically emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish, and manipulative toward others Oftentimes called psychopaths or sociopaths Many are delinquents or criminals, but many are NOT crazed murderers displayed on television Create a good first impression and ar
15、e often charming Cheat their way through life (e.g., Dr. Michael Swango) Blind to signs of disgust in other people,ASPD: Causes and Treatments,Possible Causes: Childhood history of emotional deprivation, neglect, and physical abuse Underarousal of the brain Very difficult to effectively treat; will
16、lie, charm, and manipulate their way through therapy,Anxiety-Based Disorders,Anxiety: Feelings of apprehension, dread, or uneasiness Adjustment Disorders: When ongoing stressors cause emotional disturbance and push people beyond their ability to effectively cope Usually suffer sleep disturbances, ir
17、ritability, and depression Examples: Grief reactions, lengthy physical illness, unemployment can be some triggers for anxiety,Anxiety-Based Disorders (contd),Anxiety Disorders: When stress seems greatly out of proportion to the situation at hand usually accompanied by some form of avoidance 3 Main T
18、ypes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Duration of at least six months of chronic, unrealistic, or excessive anxiety Panic Disorder (w/ or w/o agoraphobia) Phobia,Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Extreme anxiousness and worry for at least 6 months Anxiousness/anxiety do not fade when life circumstance
19、s get better Multiple topics of worry,Panic Disorders,Panic Disorder (without Agoraphobia): A chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic (panic attack) Panic Attack: Feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane Symptoms include verti
20、go, chest pain, choking, fear of losing control Panic Disorder (with Agoraphobia): Panic attacks and sudden anxiety still occur, but with agoraphobia,Agoraphobia,Agoraphobia (with Panic Disorder): Intense, irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or in an unfamiliar situation
21、 Intense fear of leaving the house or entering unfamiliar situations Can be very crippling Literally means fear of open places or market (agora) Agoraphobia (without Panic Disorder): Fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen away from home or in an unfamiliar situation.,Specific Phobias
22、,Irrational, persistent fears, anxiety, and avoidance that focus on specific objects, activities, or situations People with phobias realize that their fears are unreasonable and excessive, but they cannot control them.,Social Phobia,Intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated,
23、or embarrassed by others (e.g., shyness, eating, or speaking in public),Review: 3 Anxiety Disorders,1. Phobiaobjects, situation, social Causes: not only experiencealso inherit tendencies (prepared fears) 2. Generalized Anxietyconstant anxiety and worry 3. Panic Disorderdiscrete panicky episodes,Obse
24、ssive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD),Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors Obsession: Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort Enter into consciousness against the persons will Most common: Being d
25、irty or wondering if you performed an action (turned off the stove),Compulsions,Compulsion: Irrational acts that person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will Help to control anxiety created by obsessions Checkers and cleaners,Table 16.2 Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies,Anxiety,Feelings of te
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