260.4-1996 - American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics.pdf

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1、Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1 ANSI/IEEE Std 260.4-1996 (R2008) (Revision and redesignation of ANSI/ASME Std Y10.11-1984) American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 14 on Quantities, Units, and

2、 Letter Symbols Reaffirmed 27 March 2008 Approved 21 March 1996 IEEE Standards Board Approved 3 October 1996 American National Standards Institute Abstract: Letter symbols for physical quantities used in the science and technology of acoustics are covered. Abbreviations for a number of acoustical le

3、vels and related measures that are in common use are also given. The symbols given in this standard are intended for all applications. Keywords: abbreviations, acoustical levels, acoustics, infrasound, letter symbols, physical quantities, sound, sound levels, symbols, ultrasound, units, vibration Th

4、e Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1996 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-55937-748-8IEEE Standards do

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12、 Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway USA Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existenc

13、e or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying all patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Authoriza

14、tion to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Cle

15、arance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (508) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational class- room use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction (This introduction is not it part of ANSIn

16、EEE Std 260.4-1996, American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbre- viations for Quantities Used in Acoustics.) This revision was prepared under the auspices of the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee on Quanti- ties, Units, and Letter Symbols (SCC14) by its Subcommittee on Acoustics (SCC14.5

17、). At the time of approval of this standard, the membership of Subcommittee 14.5 was as follows: Stanley L. Ehrlich, Chair Frank W. Cuomo Louis A. Herstein Roger L. Kerlin Chris E. Kuyatt Daniel W. Martin Wesley L. Nyborg John T. Scott Victor W. Sparrow Geoffrey L. Wilson Robert W. Young Allan J. Zu

18、ckerwar Members of IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee for Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols, SCC14, who participated in the approval of this standard were Bruce B. Barrow, Chair Barry N. Taylor, Vice Chair William Aird Cadi Kaplan Chester H. Page 0. C. Amrhyn William R. Kruesi Ralph M. Shower

19、s William Brenner Chris E. Kuyatt Raymond S. Turgel Stanley L. Ehrlich Jack M. Loudon Alan S. Whelihan Robert V. Esperti Arthur 0. McCoubrey Theodore Wildi John A. Goetz Conrad R. Muller Geoffrey L. Wilson Richard G. Gould Wesley Nyborg . 111 When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 2

20、1 March 1996, it had the following membership : Donald C. Loughry, Chair Richard J. Holleman, Wce Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. Baril Clyde R. Camp Joseph A. Cannatelli Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster” Donald N. Heirman Ben C. Johnson E. G. “Al” Z

21、ener Joseph L. Koepfinger* Lawrence V. McCall L. Bruce McClung Marco W. Migliaro Mary Lou Padgett John W. Pope Jose R. Ramos *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal Alan H. Cookson Chester C. Taylor Mary Lynne Nielsen Standurds Pro

22、ject Edi Arthur K. Reilly Ronald H. Reimer Gary S. Robinson Ingo Riisch John S. Ryan Chee Kiow Tan Leonard L. Tripp Howard L. Wolfman iv Contents CLAUSE PAGE 1 . Overview 1 2 . References 1 3 . General principles of letter symbol standardization 2 3.1 Letter syimbols 2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 The Internatio

23、nal System of Units (SI) 5 3.6 Usage . 6 3.7 Alphabets and typography . 2 Remarks concerning quantity symbols 3 Remarks concerning unit symbols . 4 Unit symbols to be used with limited character sets 7 Principles applicable to letter symbols and abbreviations for quantities used in acoustics . 7 4 .

24、 4.1 Time-varying quantities . 7 4.2 Average values . 8 4.3 Quantities per unit volume. area. or length 8 4.4 4.5 4.6 Sequence: for double subscripts to multiplying operators 8 Remarks concerning levels 8 Remarks concerning abbreviations 10 5 . Introduction to the tables . . 11 6 . Bibliography 12 T

25、ABLES Table A . 5 Table B . 6 Table 1 . 14 Table 2 . 16 Table 3 . 18 Table 4 . 19 Table 5 . 21 Table 6 . 24 Table 7 . 31 Table 8 . 34 Table 9 . 36 Table 10 . 41 Table 11 . 43 Table 12 . 54 Table 13 . 57 V Americian National Standard Letter Symbolls and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics

26、1. Overview This standard covers letter symbols for physical quantities2 used in the science and technology of acoustics; it also covers abbreviations for a number of acoustical levels and related measures that are in common use. The science and technology of acoustics include sound, ultrasound, and

27、 infra-sound in all media: gases, especially air; liquids, especially water; and solids are examples of media with which acoustics is concerned. There are many specialties in acoustics, a few of which are speech, hearing, music, noise control, vibration, shock, and sonar. The symbols given in this s

28、tandard are intended for all applications, including use in text and equations; in graphs and diagrams; and on panels, labels, and nameplates. “General principles of letter symbol standardization” common to SCCl4 standards are given before the more specialized “principles applicable to letter symbol

29、s and abbreviations for quantities used in acoustics.” These are followed by the “introduction to the tables” and a “bibliography.” 2. References This standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publication. When the following standard is superseded by an approved revision, the revision

30、 shall apply. ANSI/IEEE Std 268-.1992, American National Standard for Metric Pratice. “Letter symbol” as a technical term does not have the same meaning as either “name” or “abbreviation.” An abbreviation is a letter or a combination of letters (pilus sometimes an apostrophe or a full stop, i.e., a

31、period) that by convention represents a word or a name in a particular language; hence, an abbreviation may be different in a different language. A symbol represents a physical quantity or a unit and is therefore independent of language. Example: For electromotive force, the symbol is E, whereas the

32、 abbreviation is emf in English, fem in French, and EMK in German. The unit names “ampere” and “second” have sometimes been abbreviated amp and sec, respectively, but this usagi: is now deprecated. The standard unit symbols for ampere and second are A and s, respectively. As used in this standard, t

33、he term physical quantity means a measurable attribute of phenomena or matter. Examples are length, mass, and time. 1 ANSIAEEE Std 260.4-1 996 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LETTER SYMBOLS 3. General principles of letter symbol standardization 3.1 Letter symbols Letter symbols include symbols for physic

34、al quantities (quantity symbols) and symbols for units in which these quantities are measured (unit symbols). A quantity symbol is, in general: a single letter (for example, I for electric current) specified as to style of type font (e.g., bold, italic) and modified when appropriate by one or more s

35、ubscripts or superscripts. In a given work the same letter symbol should appear throughout for the same physical quantity, regardless of the units employed or of special values assigned. A unit symbol5 is a letter or group of letters (for example, mm for millimeter), or in a few cases a special sign

36、, that may be used in place of the name of a unit. 3.2 Alphabets and typography Letter symbols are mainly restricted to the English and Greek alphabets. Greek letters that are easily con- fused with English letters shall be avoided. The type families that are used for text in modem book and jour- na

37、l publishing all include italic (oblique) type faces and related roman (upright) faces. The former are used for quantity symbols, and the latter, for unit symbols. The distinctions are discussed more fully in the follow- ing paragraphs. (In the context of this standard, the term roman is used simply

38、 to mean upright in contrast with oblique and carries no coiiiiokilion regarding wrifs, line widths, orthe like.) In situations where roman and italic fonts are not both :tuilable. cxc shull be taken to avoid confusion between quantities and units. For example, an underline is Ilrqucntl) uwd to indi

39、cate italic type, and where an underline can be provided, as in manual typewriting, this priicticc is olicn helpful. Unconventional type faces shoulcl gcncrnll not tx used for letter symbols. Script and Old English faces, for example, are not appropriate for uiiil s! rirbols. Su ecial faces have see

40、n limited use for quantity sym- bols, but good modern practice avoids them. Symbols for physical quantities, mathematical variables, indexes, and general functions6 are printed in italic type. For example: A area e elementary electric charge x, y7 z Cartesian coordinates i,j, k, n indexes f(x) funct

41、ion of x Symbols for units of measurement, mathematical constants, specific mathematical functions, operators, and numerals used as indexes are printed in roman type. For example: cm centimeter 31EEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane

42、, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, 4Symbols composed of two letters are sometimes used for numerical transport parameters, such as Re for Reynolds number. Unit symbols have sometimes been treated in the same manneras general abbreviations, but the recommendations of the International Committee for Weights

43、 and Measures (CIPM), and of many other international and national bodies concerned with standardization, emphasize the symbolic character of these designations and rigidly prescribe the manner in which they shall be treated. This concept of the unit symbol is therefore adopted in this standard. 6Th

44、e term generalfunctions is here used to contrast with specijic mathemaficalfuncfions, for which roman type is to be used. NJ 08855-1331, USA. 2 AND ABBREVIATIONS IFOR QUANTITIES USED IN ACOUSTICS ANS 1/1 E E E Std 260.4-1996 e base of natural logarithms sin X sine of x J2(2)7 JdZ) Bessel functions d

45、x differential of x Subscripts and superscripts are governed by the preceding principles. Those that are letter symbols for quan- tities or for indexes are printed in italic type, while all others are printed in roman type. For example: heat capacity at constant pressure p input current, output curr

46、ent cP aij, a45 matrix elements Zi, Io xav average value of x For indicating the vector character of a quantity, boldface italic type is used. For example: F force H magnetic field strength Ordinary italic type is used to represent the magnitude of a vector quantity. It is also commonly used for a v

47、ector quantity when there is no need to draw attention to the vector character of the quantity. When tensor quantitiies of second or higher order are to be represented by a single letter, sans serif type should be used (for e:rample, H, B). 3.3 Remarks concerning quantity symbols Quantity symbols ma

48、y be used in mathematical expressions in any way consistent with good mathematical usage. The product of two quantities a, b, is indicated by writing ab. The quotient may be indicated by writ- ing a -, alb, or ab- b If more than one slash (I) is used in any algebraic term, parentheses shall be inser

49、ted to remove any ambigu- ity. Thus, one may wirite (&)/e, or a/(b/c), but not &/e. Subscripts and superscripts are widely used with quantity symbols. Several subscripts and superscripts, sometimes separated by commas, may be attached to a single letter. But, so far as logical clarity permits, subscripts and superscripts should not be attached to other subscripts and superscripts. A symbol that has been modified by a superscript should be enclosed in parentheses before an exponent is attached. Conflicts that occur tiecause different quantities are assig