专业八级-207及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-207 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Terrorism. What is terrorism? A. 1 in different lights: a tactic and strategy, a crime, a holy duty, etc. B. An effective tactic for 2 C. Offering opponents no clear organization to 3 . The

2、 effect of terrorism A. The effectiveness of terrorists lies in the public“s or government“s 4 B. Three perspectives of terrorism: - Terrorist“s: not evil, but 5 - Victim“s: criminal with no regard for 6 - General public“s: 7 . Future trends in terrorism A. Increasing ability to adapt to: - Counter-

3、terrorism measures and 8 e.g. more 9 with other sub-state entities, such as criminal organizations - Counter-terrorism techniques and methods e.g. 10 of the network form of organization - New technologies, and adapt existing ones to their uses e.g. exploiting disposable cellular phones, Internet caf

4、es, and other 11 means to exchange information. B. Significant 12 after disruption by counter-terrorist action C. The tendency of 13 produces pressures on terrorists to increase the impact and violence of their actions . The main power centers for terrorism: 14 , Pakistan and Afghanistan, where reli

5、giously motivated Islamic terrorist groups fill 15 . Conclusion （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.1870.B.1893.C.1899.D.1944.A.Ageof5-10.B.Ageof6-10.C.Ageof5-12.D.Ageof6-1

6、2.A.Grammar school.B.Secondary modern school.C.Elementary school.D.Technical colleges.A.13.B.14.C.15.D.16.A.The central government.B.The local education authorities.C.The central government and the local education authorities.D.The Department of Education and Science.（分数：20.00）A.All schools had to t

7、each the same subject.B.All schools had to raise the school leaving age.C.All schools ensured top students to get high scores.D.All schools should be controlled by the government.A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.A.Approval.B.Dislike.C.Indifference.D.Detestation.A.Up to six.B.Up to seven.C.Up to eight.D.Up to nine.A.

8、Go to strictly academic grammar schools.B.Attend comprehensive secondary schools.C.Continue their studies at university.D.Study for A levels.专业八级-207 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Terrorism. What is terrorism? A. 1 in different l

9、ights: a tactic and strategy, a crime, a holy duty, etc. B. An effective tactic for 2 C. Offering opponents no clear organization to 3 . The effect of terrorism A. The effectiveness of terrorists lies in the public“s or government“s 4 B. Three perspectives of terrorism: - Terrorist“s: not evil, but

10、5 - Victim“s: criminal with no regard for 6 - General public“s: 7 . Future trends in terrorism A. Increasing ability to adapt to: - Counter-terrorism measures and 8 e.g. more 9 with other sub-state entities, such as criminal organizations - Counter-terrorism techniques and methods e.g. 10 of the net

11、work form of organization - New technologies, and adapt existing ones to their uses e.g. exploiting disposable cellular phones, Internet cafes, and other 11 means to exchange information. B. Significant 12 after disruption by counter-terrorist action C. The tendency of 13 produces pressures on terro

12、rists to increase the impact and violence of their actions . The main power centers for terrorism: 14 , Pakistan and Afghanistan, where religiously motivated Islamic terrorist groups fill 15 . Conclusion （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：various descriptions/definitions）解析： various descriptions/definitions 听力

13、原文 TerrorismGood morning. Today, we shall talk about the worldwide headache for each nationterrorism. First, what is terrorism? Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously,

14、 a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive natur

15、e and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. Second, we will talk about the effect of terrorism. Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commi

16、t acts of violence that draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but

17、 in the public“s or government“s reaction to the act. There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorist“s, the victim“s, and the general public“s. The phrase “one man“s terrorist is another man“s freedom fighter“ is a view terrorists themselves would accept. Terrorists do not see themselves a

18、s evil. They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard for human life. The general public“s view is the most unstable. The terrorists take great pains to foster a

19、“Robin Hood“ image in hope of swaying the general public“s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become an integral part of their psychological warfare and needs to be countered vigorously. Third, we will focus our attention on the future trends in terrorism. As a

20、conflict method that has survived and evolved through several millennia to flourish in the modern information age, terrorism continues to adapt to meet the challenges of emerging forms of conflict, and exploit developments in technology and society. Terrorism has demonstrated increasing abilities to

21、 adapt to counter-terrorism measures and political failure. Terrorists are developing new capabilities of attack and improving the efficiency of existing methods. Additionally, terrorist groups have shown significant progress in escaping from a subordinate role in nation-state conflicts, and becomin

22、g prominent as international influences in their own right. They are becoming more integrated with other sub-state entities, such as criminal organizations and legitimately chartered corporations, and are gradually assuming a measure of control and identity with national governments. Meanwhile, terr

23、orists have shown the ability to adapt to the techniques and methods of counter-terror agencies and intelligence organizations over the long term. The decentralization of the network form of organization is an example of this. Adopted to reduce the disruption caused by the loss of key links in a cha

24、in of command, a network organization also complicates the tasks of security forces, and reduces predictability of operations. Terrorists have also been quick to use new technologies, and adapt existing ones to their uses. The debate over privacy of computer data was largely spurred by the specter o

25、f terrorists planning and communicating with encrypted data beyond law enforcement“s ability to intercept or decode this data. To exchange information, terrorists have exploited disposable cellular phones, over the counter long-distance calling cards, Internet cafes, and other means of anonymous com

26、munications. Embedding information in digital pictures and graphics is another innovation employed to enable the clandestine global communication that modern terrorists require. Terrorists have also demonstrated significant resiliency after disruption by counter-terrorist action. Some groups have re

27、defined themselves after being defeated or being forced into dormancy. The Shining Path of Peru lost its leadership cadre and founding leader to counter-terrorism efforts by the Peruvian government in 1993. The immediate result was severe degradation in the operational capabilities of the group. How

28、ever, the Shining Path has returned to rural operations and organization in order to reconstitute itself. Although not the threat that it was, the group remains in being, and could exploit further unrest or governmental weakness in Peru to continue its renewal. Likewise, due to the increase in infor

29、mation outlets, and competition with increasing numbers of other messages, terrorism now requires a greatly increased amount of violence or novelty to attract the attention it requires. The tendency of major media to compete for ratings and the subsequent revenue realized from increases in their aud

30、ience size and share produces pressures on terrorists to increase the impact and violence of their actions to take advantage of this sensationalism. Today, most experts believe that certain parts of the Middle East, Pakistan and Afghanistan are turning out to be the main power centers for terrorism.

31、 Decades of lawlessness and corruption have seen Islamic terrorist groups fill the power vacuum in this region and continue to turn out an alarming number of religiously motivated terrorists. To conclude today“s lecture, we can say that terrorism is a very complicated issue, which can be defined in

32、different lights. Second, we talked about the effects of terrorism, and third, we discussed the future trend of terrorism, especially the resilience and adaptability they have demonstrated in counter-terrorist actions. Finally, we must state that certain parts of the Middle East are turning out to b

33、e the main power centers for terrorism. 解析 归总题。讲座中提到：Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. 根据题意可以判断空格中应该填入名词性词组，且能归纳冒号后的内容，因此这里需要将副词 variously转换成形容词 various，动词 described转换成名词形式

34、 description，所以答案为various descriptions/definitions。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：the weaker side）解析： the weaker side解析 细节题。讲座提到恐怖主义成为矛盾体中弱势一方惯常使用的手段：Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. 因此答案是the weaker side。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：defend against/deter）解析： defend against/deter解析 细节

35、题。讲座中明确提到：.they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. 两个动词词组任选其一，可以直接填入。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：reaction/response）解析： reaction/response解析 要点题。询问恐怖主义行为是否收到效果在于公众或政府的反应。讲座中提到：The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public“s or governmen

36、t“s reaction to the act. 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：legitimate combatants）解析： legitimate combatants解析 细节题。讲座提到恐怖分子认为他们自己是合法斗士，为自己的信仰战斗可以无所不用其极：They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible. 因此答案是 legitimate combatants。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：human life）解析： huma

37、n life解析 细节题。根据讲座相关内容“A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard for human life. ”可以直接得出答案为 human life。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：the most unstable）解析： the most unstable解析 要点题。在谈到审视恐怖主义的三种不同视角时，讲座者对每种都做了简短介绍，描述最后一种公众视角的关键词是：the most unstable，并进一步阐述：The terrorists take great pain

38、s to foster a “Robin Hood“ image in hope of swaying the general public“s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become an integral part of their psychological warfare and needs to be countered vigorously. 点明必须竭力避免恐怖分子的行为得到公众的同情，因此答案为 the most unstable。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案

39、：political failure）解析： political failure解析 细节题。根据讲座原文“Terrorism has demonstrated increasing abilities to adapt to counter-terrorism measures and political failure. ”可知答案是political failure。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：integratio）解析： integration解析 推断题。讲座中在谈到恐怖主义的未来趋势时，举例说道：They are becoming more integrated with oth

40、er sub-state entities, such as criminal organizations and legitimately chartered corporations.空格处问的是恐怖主义组织与 sub-state entities之间的关系趋势，因此填入 integration。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：decentralizatio）解析： decentralization解析 细节题。讲座中为证明恐怖主义从长期来看已经展现出对反恐技术和方法的顽强适应性，举例如下：The decentralization of the network form of organiz

41、ation is an example of this. 题干中看到 network就应该能够联想到答案 decentralization。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：anonymous）解析： anonymous解析 细节题。讲座里明确指出：To exchange information, terrorists have exploited disposable cellular phones, over the counter long-distance calling cards, Internet cafes, and other means of anonymous communi

42、cations. 要点就是恐怖分子使用的各种科技性的交流手段都是匿名的，只要笔记中记下这一点，就很容易得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：resiliency）解析： resiliency解析 要点题。讲座中在谈论恐怖主义的未来趋势时，很重要的一个方面就是难以斩草除根：Terrorists have also demonstrated significant resiliency after disruption by counter-terrorist action. 填空题已经给出明确提示 after disruption by counter-terrorist action，所以只

43、要笔记中记下这一点，答案显而易见。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：major media）解析： major media解析 讲座中关于恐怖主义未来趋势的最后一个方面，讲座者说到由于现代传媒的迅速发展、信息渠道的多元和迅捷，恐怖分子也不得不将恐怖主义行为升级以同其他信息争夺公众的关注，因此根据原文 The tendency of major media to compete for ratings and the subsequent revenue realized from increases in their audience size and share produces pressur

44、es on terrorists to increase the impact and violence of their actions to take advantage of this sensationalism. 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：The Middle East）解析： The Middle East解析 细节题。填空题需要填入恐怖主义权力中心的所在地点，根据讲座原文“Today, most experts believe that certain parts of the Middle East, Pakistan and Afghanistan are turning

45、out to be the main power centers for terrorism. ”可知空格内需填入The Middle East。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：the power vacuum）解析： the power vacuum解析 细节题讲座中提到地区的权力真空让恐怖主义乘虚而入：Decades of lawlessness and corruption have seen Islamic terrorist groups fill the power vacuum in this region and continue to turn out an alarming

46、number of religiously motivated terrorists. 因此答案为 the power vacuum。 三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.1870. B.1893.C.1899.D.1944.解析：听力原文 I: Good morning, everyone. Today I“d like to introduce Professor Jarvis, from the University of Survey, who is going to talk to us about British edu

47、cation. Well, Professor Jarvis. J: Very pleased to meet you. I: So, Professor Jarvis, could you tell us something about the history of British education? J: Well, British education began in medieval churches and monasteries where, for the most part, religious subjects were taught. But over the centu

48、ries, the system slowly changed, and became available to more and more people. And during the 16th and 17th centuries charity schools for poor students and grammar schools for the more affluent were predominant, and they continued right up until the late 19th century. I: So what brought about this change? J: The 18th-century attitude toward e