大学四级-61及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-61 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.YearNumber of Candidates in X Province20021,60020045,600200612,000200836,000201052,0001根据上图描述近几年 x 省报考研究生人数的变化；2说明导致这种变化的原因；3你对考研热的看法。（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to

2、 read the passages quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Beauty and Body Image in the MediaImages of female bodi

3、es are everywhere. Women-and their body parts-sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose th

4、ose last twenty pounds, theyll have it all-the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By pre

5、senting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits.And its no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure theyre all

6、aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Womens Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids

7、. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U. S. ) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked t

8、o depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.The American research group Anorexia Nervosa they U U 2 /U /Uor fail to notice the many that have not.People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the U U 3 /U /U

9、belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane U U 4 /U /U, and deaths “happen in threes“. Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their “happening together“

10、 is one month; if three crashed occur in a year, then the period of time is stretched. U U 5 /U /Uend points reinforce such beliefs.We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more U U 6 /U /U, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobi

11、le than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so U U 7 /U /Uis that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling explains, “Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he U U 8 /U /U: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to sk

12、ill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy. “ This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious in drawing U U 9 /U /U. The “evidence“ of everyday life is sometimes U U 10 /U /U.A. feasible B. neglect C. intelligent D. int

13、imately E. observesF. misleading G. crashes H. security I. convinced J. commonK. conclusions L. flexible M. favorably N. values O. interpretation（分数：90.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、BSection B/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、BPassage One/B(总题数：1，分数：45.00)Questions 57 t

14、o 61 are based on the following passage.Before a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two co

15、mpeting theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited“ at night, to flush away what is superfluous.To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sl

16、eeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart

17、 rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.Dr. Maquet used an electronic de

18、vice called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response t

19、imes got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern-what is referred to as “ artificial grammar“. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.What is more, those with mo

20、re to learn (i. e. , the “grammar“, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The “editing“ theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learn

21、ing as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structu

22、re in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.（分数：45.00）(1).Researchers in behavioral psychology

23、 are divided with regard to _. A. how dreams are modified in their courses B. the difference between sleep and wakefulness C. why sleep is of great benefit to memory D. the functions of a good nights sleep（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(2).As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characteriz

24、ed by _. A. intensely active brainwave traces B. subjects quicker response times C. complicated memory patterns D. revival of events in the previous day（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show _. A. its significance in the study B. an inherent pattern b

25、eing learnt C. its resemblance to the lights D. the importance of nights sleep（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In their study, researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of _. A. exposing a long-held folk wisdom B. clarifying the predictions on dreams C. making contrasts and comparisons D.

26、 correlating effects with their causes（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day? A. Memorizing grammar with great efforts. B. Study textbooks with close attention. C. Have their brain images recorded. D. Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.（分数：9.

27、00）A.B.C.D.十一、BPassage Two/B(总题数：1，分数：45.00)Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.War games are commonly used by the military to evaluate strategies, explore scenarios and reveal unexpected weaknesses. American ships and aircraft have just begun two weeks of war games in the Gulf, pr

28、ompting protests from Iran, and last week South Korea carried out an annual computerized war-game exercise.Might war games deserve a greater role in business? Military analogies abound in the corporate world. Plenty of bosses look to Sun Tzu, an ancient Chinese general, for management tips. And in b

29、usiness, as in war, outcomes depend on what others do, as well as ones own actions. Yet many firms fail to think systematically about how rivals will react to their plans-and traditional planning does a poor job Of taking competitors responses into account, says John McDermott, head of strategy at X

30、erox, an office-equipment company. Corporate war games, which simulate the interactions of multiple actors in a market, provide a better way to do so.Such games have two chief characteristics. First, players break into teams and take on the roles of fierce competitors (and sometimes other citizens,

31、such as customers ). Second, the games involve several turns, allowing competitors not just to draw up their own strategies but to respond to the choices of others. Their popularity is rising. Booz Allen Hamilton ( BAH), a consultancy, is running 100 war games a year, up from around 50 three years a

32、go. Open Options, a Canadian strategy consultancy, has been going since 1996 and its revenue doubled last year.BAH introduces a quantitative element into its games, calculating the effect of each teams strategy on their companys profits and stockmarket value at the end of each turn. Open Options tak

33、es a further step. To help Xerox understand the market dynamics of the print and copy industry, it ran a one-day workshop in which teams from Xerox took the roles of the big companies in the market, itself included. Each team identified the things “their“ company could do to change its strategy and

34、drew up a list of its desired outcomes; these “preference trees“ were shared with the other teams. The results were then pumped into Open Options proprietary software tools, which played out interactions between the companies and produced a range of possible outcomes.Mr. McDermott says the games pre

35、dictive power was astonishing: one forecast, that a company would start to acquire a certain group of assets within the industry, came true within six months. By shedding light on areas where companies have different priorities, the concept of preference trees helps to highlight potential trade-offs

36、, as well as competition. Open Options charges North American clients roughly $100,000 for an engagement.The secret of successful war-gaming does not simply lie in mathematics, however. Interaction, not algebra, is the best way to win support for a new strategy. Game-players must be senior for the s

37、ame reason-although having the top boss on a team can stifle feedback. Strategies also have to capture competitors hard-to-quantify corporate cultures: when designing a game, BAH seeks out employees at its clients who have actually worked at competitors for that reason. But perhaps war games greates

38、t value lies in the way they encourage managers to think differently about the consequences of their actions. “To know your enemy, you must become your enemy,“ as Sun Tzu would say.（分数：45.00）(1).The expression “abound in“ ( Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means _. A. be limited B. be appreciated

39、C. be driven D. be plentiful（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, traditional corporate planning _. A. has been completely abandoned B. fails to consider rivals reactions C. includes the detailed analyses of strategies of all rival companies D. functions well for the development of most compan

40、ies（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The positive effect of war games owes to the following EXCEPT _. A. the role playing of competitors B. the composition of several turns C. the introduction of quantitative factors D. the rising popularity of the game（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is TRUE accordin

41、g to the text? A. Both BAH and Open Options developed their own software tools for data analysis of war games. B. The war game service expands slowly because of its high fee. C. “Preference trees“ refers to desired outcomes Of the companies. D. War games predictive ability is not convincing.（分数：9.00

42、）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is NOT a reason for the success of war games? A. Feedback. B. Mathematics. C. Interaction. D. Consideration of enemy.（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.十二、BPart Cloze/(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices mar

43、ked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that goes into the collecting of those fasci

44、nating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo. One of the questions that is always asked of me is U U 1 /U /UI became an animal collector in the first U U 2 /U /U. The answer is that I have always been interested in animals and zoos. According to my parents, the first word I was able to s

45、ay with any U U 3 /U /Uwas not the conventional “mamma“ or “daddy“, U U 4 /U /Uthe word “zoo“, which I would U U 5 /U /Uover and over again with a shrill U U 6 /U /Uuntil someone, in groups to U U 7 /U /Ume up, would take me to the zoo. When I U U 8 /U /Ua little older, we lived in Greece and I had

46、a great U U 9 /U /Uof pets, ranging from owls to seahorses, and I spent all my spare time U U 10 /U /Uthe countryside in search of fresh specimens to U U 11 /U /Uto my collection of pets. U U 12 /U /Uon I went for a year to the City Zoo, as a student U U 13 /U /U, to get experience of the large anim

47、als, such as lions, bears, bison and ostriches, U U 14 /U /Uwere not easy to keep at home. When I left, I U U 15 /U /Uhad enough money of my own to be able to U U 16 /U /Umy first trip and I have been going U U 17 /U /Uever since then. Though a collectors job is not an easy one and is full of U U 18 /U /U, it is certainly