【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-15及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-15 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Drug use is rising dramatically among the nation s youth after a decade of decline. From 1993 to 1994, marijuana use among young people (1) from 12 to 17 jumped 50 percent. One in five high school seniors (2) marijuana daily.

2、 Monitoring the Future, which (3) student drug use annually, reports that negative attitudes about drugs have declined for the fourth year in a row. (4) young people see great risk in using drugs. Mood-altering pharmaceutical drugs are (5) new popularity among young people. Ritalin, (6) as a diet pi

3、ll in the 1970s and now used to (7) hyperactive children, has become a (8) drug on college campuses. A central nervous system (9) , Ritalin can cause strokes, hypertension, and seizures. Rohypnol, produced in Europe as a (10) tranquilizer, lowers inhibitions and suppresses short-term memory, which h

4、as led to some women being raped by men they are going out with. (11) taken with alcohol, its effects are greatly (12) . Rock singer Kurt Cobain collapsed from an (13) of Rohypnol and champagne a month before he committed (14) in 1994. In Florida and Texas, Rohypnol has become widely abused among te

5、ens, who see the drug as a less expensive (15) for marijuana and LSD. Alcohol and tobacco use is increasing among teenagers, (16) younger adolescents. Each year, more than one million teens become regular smokers, (17) they cannot legally purchase tobacco. By 12th grade, one in three students smokes

6、. In 1995, one in five 14-year-olds reported smoking regularly, a 33 percent jump (18) 1991. Drinking among 14-year-olds climbed 50 percent from 1992 to 1994,and all teens reported substantial increases in (19) drinking. In 1995, one in five 10th graders reported having been drunk in the past 30 day

7、s. Two-thirds of high school seniors say they know a (20) with a drinking problem.（分数：10.00）(1).A aged B aging C age D ages（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A tastes B smokes C injects D takes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A studies B researches C surveys D examines（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A More B Many C Fewer D Few（分数：0.50）

8、A.B.C.D.(5).A retaining B attaining C maintaining D gaining（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A described B prescribed C inscribed D instructed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A treat B cure C diagnose D test（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A amusing B relaxing C recreational D pleasant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A stimulus B stimulant C excit

9、ement D encouragement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A valid B formal C popular D legal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A When B As C Though D While（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A enlarged B confirmed C exaggerated D magnified（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A overtake B overdose C abuse D overuse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A murder B crime C s

10、uicide D killing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A substitute B replacement C exchange D interchange（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A specially B particularly C mostly D actually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A even though B as if C as long as D as soon as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in B to C since D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A serio

11、us B severe C grave D heavy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A student B man C youth D peer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)That boys and girlsand men and womenare programmed by evolution to behave differently from one another is now widely accep

12、ted. But which of the differences between the sexes are “biological“, in the sense that they have been honed by evolution, and which are “cultural“ or “environmental“ and might more easily be altered by changed circumstances, is still fiercely debated. The sensitivity of the question was shown last

13、year by an uproar at Harvard University. Larry Summers, then Harvards president, caused a storm when he suggested that innate ability could be an important reason why there were so few women in the top positions in mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences. Even as a proposition for discuss

14、ion, this is unacceptable to some. But biological explanations of human behavior are making a comeback. The success of neo-Darwinism has provided an intellectual foundation for discussion about why some differences between the sexes might be innate. And new scanning techniques have enabled researche

15、rs to examine the brains interior while it is working, showing that male and female brains do, at one level, operate differently. The results, however, do not always support past clichs about what the differences in question actually are. Another behavioral difference that has borne a huge amount of

16、 scrutiny is in mathematics, particularly since Dr Summerscomments. The problem with trying to argue that the male tendency to systemize might lead to greater mathematical ability is that, in fact, girls and boys are equally good at maths prior to teenage years. Until recently, it was believed that

17、males outperformed females in mathematics at all ages. Today, that picture has changed, and it appears that males and females of any age are equally good at computation and at understanding mathematical concepts. However, after their mid-teens, men are better at problem solving than women are. The q

18、uestion raised by Dr Summers does not get to the heart of the matter. Over the past 50 years, women have made huge progress into academia and within it. Slowly, they have worked their way into the higher echelons of discipline after discipline. But some parts of the ivory tower have proved harder to

19、 occupy than others. The question remains, to what degree is the absence of women in science, mathematics and engineering caused by innate, immutable ability? Innate it may well be. That does not mean it is immutable. A variety of abilities are amenable to training in both sexes. And such training w

20、orks. Biology may predispose, but it is not necessarily destiny.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “honed“ (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably mean? A Started. B Determined. C Created. D Sharpened.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Larry Summers, women_. A had lower innate ability than men in certain a

21、reas B have limited capacity for everything C should not choose careers in maths, engineering, etc. D are facing discrimination in their careers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements is true of the passage? A Neo-Darwinism offered biological evidence of the innate sex differences. B

22、Female innate ability is not the only reason for their academic position. C Boys and girls performed equally well in problem solving in teenage years. D Dr. Summers ignored the fact that women have risen to the top of the ivory tower.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The sentence “Biology may predispose, but it

23、is not necessarily destiny. “ (Line 2, Para. 6) indicates that_. A biological factors determine ones capabilities B womens role is not decided by destiny C biological differences could be changed D abilities can be acquired regardless of the innate differences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the follow

24、ing would be the best title for the text? A Sex Difference: Who is Smarter? B Female Lag in Certain Fields: Gender Difference C Differences Between the Sexes: Mismeasure of Women D Gender Inequality: Female Inferiority Proved（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the early days of the internet,

25、 the idea that it represented an entirely new and separate realm, distinct from the real world, was seized upon by both advocates and critics of the new technology. Advocates liked the idea that the virtual world was a placeless datasphere, liberated from constraints and restrictions of the real wor

26、ld, and an opportunity for a fresh start. For instance, John Perry Barlow, an internet activist, issued the “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace“ in February 1996. He thundered, “Governments of the industrial world, I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. Cyberspace does not lie with

27、in your borders. We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth.“Where Mr. Barlow and other cyber-Utopians found the separation between the real and virtual worlds exciting, however, critics regarded it

28、as a cause for concern. They worried that people were spending too much time online, communicating with people they had never even met in person in chat rooms, virtual game worlds and, more recently, on social-networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. A study carried out by the Stanford Institu

29、te for the Quantitative Study of Society in 2000, for example, found that heavy internet users spent less time talking to friends and family, and warned that the internet could be “the ultimate isolating technology“.Both groups were wrong, of course. The internet has not turned out to be a thing apa

30、rt. Unpleasant aspects of the real world, such as taxes, censorship, crime and fraud are now features of the virtual world, too. Garners who make real money selling swords, gold and other items in virtual game worlds may now find that the tax man wants to know about it. Designers of virtual objects

31、in Second Life, an online virtual world, are resorting to real-world lawsuits in order to protect their intellectual property.At the same time, however, some of the most exciting uses of the internet rely on coupling it with the real world. Social networking allows people to stay in touch with their

32、 friends online, and plan social activities in the real world. The distinction between online and offline chatter ceases to matter. Or consider Google Earth, which puts satellite images of the whole world on your desktop and allows users to link online data with specific physical locations.All these

33、 approaches treat the internet as an extension or an attachment to the physical world, not a separate space. Rather than seeing the real and virtual realms as distinct and conflicting, in short, it makes sense to see them as complementary and connected. The resulting fusion is not what the Utopians

34、or the critics foresaw, but it suits the rest of us just fine.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, internet advocates believed that_.A the internet stood for progress of the technologyB virtual realm was a world without boundariesC cyberspace liberated the real worldD cyberspace could be

35、entered by anyone for free（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why is John Perry Barlow mentioned in Paragraph 1?A To criticize governments of industrial countries.B To show the influence of the internet.C To advocate the equality for all.D To illustrate the advocates favor to cyberspace.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The pa

36、ssage suggests that critics of the new technology_.A were concerned about the separation of people from the real worldB worried that friends would never meet in personC were concerned that people were too engaged in social networksD would believe the internet could isolate people online（分数：2.00）A.B.

37、C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that_.A virtual world is free from the dark sides of the real worldB there is no difference between chatting online and offline nowC peoples activities online can also affect their real world activitiesD people who make real money in virtual games have to

38、pay taxes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the passage we can find that the author_.A supports both advocates and critics of the internetB believes that the real and virtual worlds are interdependentC is opposed to the fusion of the internet with the physical worldD argues that real and virtual worlds are d

39、istinct and conflicting（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The road to controlling population growth in the 20th century was paved with good intentions and unpleasant policies that did not work, a new book argues an historian who grew up as the youngest of eight children might well be expected

40、to approach the question of whether the world is overpopulated from an unusual angle. Matthew Connelly, a professor at Columbia University, dedicates his study of those who thought the planet had too many people and tried to do something about it to his parents, “for having so many children“.Yet, he

41、 assures the reader, it Was not his personal experience of large families that drew him to the subject. Mr. Connellys mentor, Paul Kennedy of Yale University, believed it was necessary to look beyond great-power rivalries to understand the post-cold-war era. In 1994 the pair wrote an article for Atl

42、antic Mouthly arguing that population growth in poor countries, increasing awareness of global economic inequality and the prospect of mass migration could lead to clashes between the West and “the rest“.When, years later, Mr. Connelly began his own book on population growth, he still thought of the

43、 topic as a way to offer a broader understanding of world security. He ended up writing a very different-and angry-book, one about people who looked at the human race reproducing itself and saw what a gardener sees when looking at a prize plant: something to be encouraged to bloom in some places and

44、 pruned in others.As the world population soared, the population controllers came to believe they were fighting a war, and there would be collateral damage. Millions of devices were exported to poor countries although they were known to cause infections and sterility. “Perhaps the individual patient

45、 is expendable in the general scheme of things,“ said a participant at a conference on the devices organized in 1962 by the Population Council, a research institute founded by John D Rockefeller, “particularly if the infection she acquires is sterilizing but not lethal. “Furthermore, statistical est

46、imates suggest that as much as 90% of the reason that women have families of a particular size is simply because that is the number of children they want. Where women gained education and rights, birth rates fell. As with reproduction itself, for people to become less fruitful, desire must precede p

47、erformance.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one of the following is NOT true about Matthew Connelly?A He is the youngest of 8 children in the family and grew up to be an historian.B He is expected to address the population problem from a different perspective.C His personal experience of large families is the re

48、ason why he wants to do research in population.D He wants to dedicate his research to his parents.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which one of the following is true according to Connellys book in 19947A Population growth reflects the powers of great nations.B Population growth became a problem for human being after the cold war.C Population growth in underdeveloped countries may deepen economic inequality.D Population growth lead to different controlling policies and these policies lead to clashes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “pruned“ ( Line 5, Para. 3) most probably means_.A to foster the g