【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-13及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-13 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Drug use is rising dramatically among the nations youth after a decade of decline. From 1993 to 1994, marijuana use among young people (1) from 12 to 17 jumped 50 percent. One in five high school seniors (2) marijuana daily.

2、Monitoring the Future, which (3) student drug use annually, reports that negative attitudes about drugs have declined for the fourth year in a row. (4) young people see great risk in using drugs. Mood-altering pharmaceutical drugs are (5) new popularity among young people. Ritalin, (6) as a diet pil

3、l in the 1970s and now used to (7) hyperactive children, has become a (8) drug on college campuses. A central nervous system (9) , Ritalin can cause strokes, hypertension, and seizures. Rohypnol, produced in Europe as a (10) tranquilizer, lowers inhibitions and suppresses short-term memory, which ha

4、s led to some women being raped by men they are going out with. (11) taken with alcohol, its effects are greatly (12) . Rock singer Kurt Cobain collapsed from an (13) of Rohypnol and champagne a month before he committed (14) in 1994. In Florida and Texas, Rohypnol has become widely abused among tee

5、ns, who see the drug as a less expensive (15) for marijuana and LSD. Alcohol and tobacco use is increasing among teenagers, (16) younger adolescents. Each year, more than one million teens become regular smokers, (17) they cannot legally purchase tobacco. By 12th grade, one in three students smokes.

6、 In 1995, one in five 14-year-olds reported smoking regularly, a 33 percent jump (18) 1991. Drinking among 14-year-olds climbed 50 percent from 1992 to 1994, and all teens reported substantial increases in (19) drinking. In 1995, one in five 10th graders reported having been drunk in the past 30 day

7、s. Two-thirds of high school seniors say they know a (20) with a drinking problem.（分数：10.00）(1).A aged B aging C age D ages（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A tastes B smokes C injects D takes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A studies B researches C surveys D examines（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A More B Many C Fewer D Few（分数：0.50）

8、A.B.C.D.(5).A retaining B attaining C maintaining D gaining（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A described B prescribed C inscribed D instructed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A treat B cure C diagnose D test（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A amusing B relaxing C recreational D pleasant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A stimulus B stimulant C excit

9、ement D encouragement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A valid B formal C popular D legal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A When B As C though D while（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A enlarged B confirmed C exaggerated D magnified（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A overtake B overdose C abuse D overuse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A murder B crime C s

10、uicide D killing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A substitute B replacement C exchange D interchange（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A specially B particularly C mostly D actually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A even though B as if C as long as D as soon as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in B to C since D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A serio

11、us B severe C grave D heavy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A student B man C youth D peer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When European Union (EU) leaders took delivery of Europes first draft of a constitution at a summit in Greece last June, i

12、t was with almost universal praise.There was wide agreement that the text could save the EU from paralysis once it expands from 15 to 25 members next year. It would give Europe a more stable leadership and greater clout on the world stage, said the chairman of the Convention which drafted the agreem

13、ent, former French President Valery Giscard dEstaing.Such praise was too good to last. As the product of a unique 16-month public debate, the draft has become a battleground. Less than four months after it was delivered, the same leaders who accepted it opened the second round of talks on its conten

14、t this week by trading veiled threats to block agreement or cut off funds if they dont get their way.The tone was polite, but unyielding. In a bland joint statement issued when the talks opened on October 4, the leaders stressed the constitution, “represents a vital step in the process aimed at maki

15、ng Europe more cohesive, more democratic and closer to its citizens. “Sharp differences remain, though, between member countries of the EU over voting rights, the size and composition of the executive European Commission, defense co-operation and the role of religion in the new constitution.Italian

16、Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconis hopes of wrapping up a deal on the constitution by Christmas seem far from being realized. While the six founding members of the EU-Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg-plus Britain and Denmark, want as little change as possible to the dra

17、ft, the 10 mainly central European countries due to join the 15-nation bloc next year want to alter the institutions balance.Such small states are afraid their views will be ignored under the constitution and are determined to defend the disproportionate voting rights they won at the 2000 Nice Summi

18、t. EU experts fear such sharp differences will create exactly the paralysis in the EU the Convention was established to avoid.（分数：10.00）(1).The first draft of the EU constitution was aimed atA turning EU into a super power in the worlds economy.B serving the interest of the 10 nations planning to co

19、me aboard.C building a better election system for excellent leadership.D preventing EU from ineffectiveness due to its expansion.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The universal praise for the draft turned out to beA short-lived. B too good.C totally wrong. D very insightful.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A second round of

20、 talks were opened by some leaders, becauseA they want to make the first draft into a battleground.B they want to tear the first draft up and write a new one.C their needs were not satisfactorily met in the draft.D their funds were channeled into inappropriate projects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of

21、the following issue might not be their source of argument?A Leader election. B Religious belief.C Military cooperation, D Economic cooperation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to experts, the real thing that may paralyze EU isA the bigger size that EU will have in the future.B the disproportionate vot

22、ing rights of some small states.C the fierce disagreement among its member countries.D the threat from some leaders who want their ways.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“You are not here to tell me what to do. You are here to tell me why I have done what I have already decided to do,“ Montag

23、u Norman, the Bank of Englands longest-serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks aim to be more transparent in their decision making, as well as more rational. But achieving either of these things is not always easy. With the mo

24、st laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, Americas central bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire. Unlike the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit inflation targets and then set interest rates to try to meet these. Some economists have argued that the Fed sh

25、ould do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Feds much-respected chairman, due to retire next year-after a mere 18 years in the job-some Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to maintain the central banks credibility in the scary new post-Greenspan era. The Fed discussed such a target at it

26、s February meeting, according to minutes published this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whether strict inflation targeting really works. At present centra1 banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-

27、price indices. On this measure Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares, should also somehow be taken into account. A broad price index for America which includes house prices is currently ru

28、nning at 5.5%, its fastest pace since 1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form. Should central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan continues to insist that monetary policy should not be used to prick asset-price bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, exc

29、ept in retrospect, he says, and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a housing or stockmarket bubble to burst and then to cushion the economy by cutting interest rates-as he did in 2001-2002. And

30、 yet the risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so can cause a misallocation of resources-encouraging too little saving, for example, or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices ma

31、y therefore argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In other words, strict inflation targeting-the fad of the 1990s-is too crude.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “minutes“ (Line 6, Paragraph 2) most probably means _. A recordB new-letterC announcementD motive（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.

32、(2).According to the text, it is upsetting that the Federal Reserve does not take into account inflation targets _. A until what to do is clarifiedB until explicit inflation targets are declaredC until increases in asset prices are curbedD until its efficiency is cast doubt on（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We

33、 can learn from the third paragraph that _. A increases in asset prices are interfered by the Federal ReservesB more emphasis should be placed on consumer-price indicesC changes have taken place in the pattern of inflationD inflation have been brought under federal control（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It is

34、implied in the fourth paragraph that Mr. Greenspan is skeptical of _. A the stipulation of anti-monopoly rules and regulationsB the intervention by central banks in asset pricesC the prevention of economic recessionD the countdown by the Federal Reserve of new economic upheavals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).

35、Which of the followings would be the best title for the text?A American Monetary Conundrums Are Readily Deciphered. B American Central Banks Are on the Verge of Extinction. C Conventional Inflation Target Is Best Employed in Transparent Environment. D Americas Monetary Policy Is off Target.（分数：2.00）

36、A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the first Earth Day, the U.S. was a poisoned nation. Dense air pollution blanketed cities like Los Angeles, where smog alerts were a fact of life. Dangerous pesticides like DDT were still in use, and water pollution was rampantsymbolized by raging fires on Clevelan

37、ds Cuyahoga River. But the green movement that was energized by Earth Day and the landmark federal actions that followed itchanged much of that. Today air pollution is down significantly in most urban areas, the water is cleaner, and even the Cuyahoga is home to fish again.But if the land is healing

38、, Americans may be sickening. Since World War , production of industrial chemicals has risen rapidly, and the U.S. generates or imports some 19 billion kg of them per day. These arent the sorts of chemicals that come to mind when we picture pollutionhuge plants spilling contaminated wastewater into

39、rivers. Rather, theyre the molecules that make good on the old “better living through chemistry“ promise, appearing in items like unbreakable baby bottles and big-screen TVs. Those chemicals have a, habit of finding their way out of everyday products and into the environmentand ultimately into livin

40、g organisms. A recent biomonitoring survey found traces of 212 environmental chemicals in Americansincluding toxic metals, pesticides, etc. “Its not the environment thats contaminated so much,“ says the director of the Cincinnati Childrens Environmental Health Center. “Its us.“As scientists get bett

41、er at detecting the chemicals in our bodies, theyre discovering that even tiny quantities of toxins can have a potentially serious impact on our healthand our childrens future. Chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalateskey ingredients in modern plasticsmay disrupt the delicate endocrine system.

42、 A host of modern ills that have been rising unchecked for a generationobesity, diabetes, attention-deficit disorder could have chemical connections. “We dont give environmental exposure the attention it deserves,“ says Dr. Philip Landrigan. “But theres an emerging understanding that kids are unique

43、ly susceptible to environmental hazards.“Washington has been slow to arrive at that conclusion. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the 34-year-old vehicle for federal chemical regulation, has generally been a failure. The burden of proving chemicals dangerous falls almost entirely on the gover

44、nment. And the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been able to issue restrictions on only a handful of chemicals and has lacked the power to ban even some dangerous cancer-causing substances.But change is coming. The Obama Administration is taking a closer look at chemicals. More important, C

45、ongress may finally be ready to act. “We cant permit this assault on our childrens healthand our own healthto continue,“ says Senator Frank Lautenberg.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?A Earth Day is the only day for people to participate in green movement.B Earth

46、 Day motivated people to change the polluted environment.C Los Angeles once had environmental problems like water pollution.D The raging fires on Clevelands Cuyahoga River resulted from smog.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The environmental chemicals in the U.S._.A come from spilling contaminated wastewaterB a

47、ppear in everyday productsC cause more contamination to the environmentD have few sorts but serious impact（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).As to the chemical problem, the author holds in Paragraph 4 that_.A Washington has successfully made some federal chemical regulationsB the EPA has issued restrictions on va

48、rious chemicalsC Washington was slow to realize the problem and take measuresD the government should take all the responsibility for proving dangerous chemicals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Senator Frank Lautenberg, _.A actions should be taken to protect children from the environmental chemicalsB more people begin to realize childrens susceptibility to environmental hazardsC we should give more attention to environmental exposureD its more important and urgent to protect childrens health（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Whats the authors attitud